Шпијунажа

Шпијунажа је обавештајна делатност која се састоје од одавања или саопштавања прикупљених података који представљају војну, службену, привредну или индустријску тајну другој особи, ратној страни, држави или организацији. Подвргнута је међународном праву искључиво у области међународног хуманитарног права, а у мирнодопским условима спада под кривично право поједине државе.

Особа која се бави шпијунажом назива се шпијун или шпијунка,^[1] а средства и начини којима они долазе до података су: праћење, тајно и неприметно прислушкивање разговора било да су то разговори телефоном, на интернету, тј. друштвеним мрежама или уживо на јавном месту разговор између две особе тако што се тихо ушуњају, сакрију се или преко врата или зида прислушкују, крађа писама, туђих податка, па тајно мотрење кретања, рада или неке друге активности посматране стране, достављање података, поверљивих тајних информација, одавање, потказивање или цинкарење итд.^[2] Шпијуни су често полиглоте, говоре више од два или три страна језика, а неретко се у зависности од задатка прерушавају у нпр. жене, носећи перике, хаљине и шминку, носе одела, глуме да су нека друга особа, имају лажна документа, папире, пасош и личну карту. Труде се да не оставе никакве отиске прстију, да су им ђонови чисти од ципела, носе рукавице, да не пију ништа на јавном месту или догађају, не причају много, само ако им се неко обрати итд.^[3]^[4]

Види још

Референце

^ „Espionage”. MI5.
^ Office of the Director of National Intelligence (2011-05-02). „TERMS & DEFINITIONS OF INTEREST FOR DoD COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROFESSIONALS” (PDF).
^ „USA v. Robert Philip Hanssen: Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint, Arrest Warrant and Search Warrant”. fas.org. Приступљено 19. март 2011.
^ „Aldrich Ames Criminal Complaint”. jya.com. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 5. 2011. г. Приступљено 19. март 2011.

Литература

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Friedman, George. America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies 2005
Gopnik, Adam, "Spy vs. Spy vs. Spy: How valuable is espionage?", The New Yorker, 2 September 2019, pp. 53–59. "There seems to be a paranoid paradox of espionage: the better your intelligence, the dumber your conduct; the more you know, the less you anticipate.... Hard-won information is ignored or wildly misinterpreted.... [It] happens again and again [that] a seeming national advance in intelligence is squandered through cross-bred confusion, political rivalry, mutual bureaucratic suspicions, intergovernmental competition, and fear of the press (as well as leaks to the press), all seasoned with dashes of sexual jealousy and adulterous intrigue." (p. 54.)
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Први светски рат

Andrew, Christopher. (2010-10-19). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. . (Allen Lane 2009) Section A
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Debruyne, Emmanuel. "Espionage" In: Ute Daniel, et al. eds. 1914-1918-online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War online 22 page scholarly history full text
Finnegan, Terrance (2009). „The Origins of Modern Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Military Intelligence at the Front, 1914–18,”. Studies in Intelligence. 4: 25—40. .
Foley, Robert T (2005). „Easy Target or Invincible Enemy? German Intelligence Assessments of France Before the Great War.”. Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 1—24. .
Hiley, Nicholas (1986). „Counter-espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War,”. English Historical Review. 3: 635—70.
Hiley, Nicholas (1985). „The Failure of British Counter-espionage against Germany, 1907–1914,”. Historical Journal. 4: 835—62. .
Hiley, Nicholas (2006). „Entering the Lists: MI5's Great Spy Round-up of August 1914.”. Intelligence and National Security. 1: 46—76. .
Kahn, David (1980). „Codebreaking in World Wars I and II: The Major Successes and Failures, Their Causes and Their Effects”. Historical Journal. 3: 617—39. .
Larsen, Daniel (2014). „Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field.”. Intelligence and National Security. 29 (2): 282—302. , comprehensive overview
Larsen, Daniel (2017). „British codebreaking and American diplomatic telegrams, 1914–1915.”. Intelligence and National Security. 32 (2): 256—263. . The British read the American secrets from late 1915 online
May, Ernest R. ed. Knowing One's Enemy: Intelligence Assessment Before the two World Wars (1984)
Mount, Graeme (1993). Canada's Enemies: Spies and Spying in the Peaceable Kingdom. ch. 3.
Pöhlmann, Markus (2005). „German Intelligence at War, 1914–1918.”. Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 25—54. .
Seligmann, Matthew (2006). Spies in Uniform: British Military and Naval Intelligence on the Eve of the First World War.
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Witcover, Jules. Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret War in America, 1914–1917 (1989).

Међуратни и Други светски рат, 1919–1945

Breuer, William B (1988). The Secret War with Germany: Deception, Espionage, and Dirty Tricks, 1939–1945. Presidio Press. .
Chambers, I. I.; John Whiteclay (2008). OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II. NPS. online; chapters 1–2 and 8–11 provide a useful summary history of OSS by a scholar.
Crowdy, Terry (2008). Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II. Osprey. .
De Jong, Louis (1953). The German Fifth Column in the Second World War. covers activities in all major countries.
Drea, Edward J. MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War against Japan, 1942–1945 (1992).
Farago, Ladislas (1971). The game of the foxes: the untold story of German espionage in the United States and Great Britain during World War II. , popular.
Haufler, Hervie (2014). Codebreakers' Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II. .
Hinsley, F. H.; et al. British Intelligence in the Second World War. . (6 vol. 1979).
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Jackson, Peter, Joseph Maiolo (2006). „Strategic intelligence, Counter-Intelligence and Alliance Diplomacy in Anglo-French relations before the Second World War.”. Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift. 65 (2): 417—462.
Jörgensen, Christer. Spying for the Fuhrer: Hitler's Espionage Machine (2014).
Kahn, David (1980). „Codebreaking in World Wars I and II: The Major Successes and Failures, Their Causes and Their Effects”. Historical Journal. 3: 617—39. .
Lewin, Ronald (1984). The American magic: codes, ciphers, and the defeat of Japan. .
Masterman, J. C. (2000). The Double-Cross System: The Incredible True Story of How Nazi Spies Were Turned into Double Agents. . (1972) excerpt
Mauch, Christof (2005). The Shadow War Against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service. ., scholarly history of OSS.
May, Ernest R. ed. Knowing One's Enemy: Intelligence Assessment Before the two World Wars (1984)
Murray, Williamson, Allan Reed Millett, eds (1992). Calculations: net assessment and the coming of World War II. .
Paine, Lauran (1984). German Military Intelligence in World War II: The Abwehr. .
Persico, Joseph E (2001). Roosevelt's secret war: FDR and World War II espionage. .
Smith, Richard. OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (U of California Press, 1972) online review Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (1. новембар 2020)
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Stephan, Robert W. Stalin's secret war: Soviet counterintelligence against the Nazis, 1941–1945 (2004).

Француска

Alexander, Martin S (1991). „Did the Deuxième Bureau work? The role of intelligence in French defence policy and strategy, 1919–39.”. Intelligence and National Security. 6 (2): 293—333. .
Bauer, Deborah Susan (2013). Marianne is Watching: Knowledge, Secrecy, Intelligence and the Origins of the French Surveillance State (1870–1914). PhD Dissertation, UCLA. Online Bibliography pp. 536–59.
Deacon, Richard. (1990). The French Secret Service. .(1990).
Jackson, Peter (2000). France and the Nazi Menace: Intelligence and Policy Making, 1933–1939. .
Keiger, John (2001). France and the World since 1870. ch 4: "French Intelligence" pp. 80–109.
Porch, Douglas (2003). The French Secret Services: A History of French Intelligence from the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-374-52945-1.
Whitcomb, Edward A (1972). „The Duties and Functions of Napoleon's External Agents.”. History. 57 (190): 189—204. .