Deontološka etika

Deontološka etika ili deontologija (od grčkog δέον, deon, „obaveza, dužnost”^[1]) grana je moralne filozofije koja već po svojoj etimologiji upućuje na dužnost kao osnovnu referencu u donošenju odgovarajućih odluka.^[2] Etika je, podsetimo se, filozofska disciplina koja se bavi moralnim fenomenima, a ovi se tiču ljudskih postupaka i ponašanja koji na neki način asociraju sa pojmovima dobrog i ispravnog.^[3] Ime etika dolazi iz helenske, a moral iz latinske tradicije, i imaju slično značenje, ali se obično koriste tako da prvi pojam dobija teorijsku, a drugi praktičnu konotaciju. Moralno delovanje koje može biti predmet etičke procene treba da izvire iz područija slobode, svesnih izbora koji vode određenim ishodima. Stanovište bi bilo pojednostavljeno ako bi prethodno bilo određeno šta je dobro i ispravno, međutim to nije tako. Svi ovi pojmovi imaju svoj unutrašnji život i istorijski razvoj, podložni su kontekstualnim promenama. Kriterije moralne procene različito formulišu etičke teorije, u zavisnosti od toga koji od bitnih momenata ljudskog postupanje je favorizovan. Ponekad su akcentovane namere i motivi, nekad konsekvence i rezultati delovanja (Bentam i Mil), a neretko i sam delatnik. U tom smislu razlikuje se deontologiju, utilitarizam i tzv. etiku vrline (Aristotel).

Deontološka etika se ponekad opisuje kao dužnosna, obligatorna ili na pravilima zasnovana etika, jer pravila „vezuju osobu za njene obaveze”.^[3] Deontologija se često upoređuje sa konsekvencijalizmom,^[4] etikom vrline, i pragmatičnom etikom. U ovoj terminologiji, akcija je važnija od posledica. To je etički okvir koji zavisi od unapred definisanog seta pravila i smernica za valjano funkcionisanje sistema u datom okruženju. Dentologija se jednostavno zasniva na kontrolnoj listi koja sadrži izvesna pravila koja treba poštovati prilikom obavljanja određenog zadatka. Prema ovom okviru, rad se smatra vrlim samo ako je u saglasnosti sa kontrolnim spiskom. Ovu proceduru je veoma jednostavno razumeti i primeniti. Ona zahteva minimalni utrošak vremena na odlučivanje između ispravnog i pogrešnog. Međutim, ovom jednostavnošću se ignorišu posledice donesenih odluka.

Termin deontološki je prvobitno korišten za opisivanje specijalizovane definicije prema Brodu, kako je to opisano u njegovoj knjizi iz 1930. godine, Pet tipova etičke teorije^[5] Starije upotrebe termina idu unazad do Džeremija Bentama, koji ga je skovao pre 1816. godine kao sinonim za dikastičnu ili cenzorsku etiku (i.e. etiku baziranu na mišljenima).^[6] Generalniji smisao reči se zadržao u francuskom jeziku, posebno u terminu code de déontologie (etički kod), u kontekstu profesionalne etike. U zavisnosti od razmatranog sistema dentološke etike, moralna obligacija može proizaći iz spoljašnjih ili unutrašnjih izvora, kao što je set podrazumevanih pravila sveta (etički naturalizam), religiozni zakon, ili set ličnih ili kulturnih vrednosti (svaki od kojih može da bude u konfliktu sa ličnim željama).

Pristup

Deontološki pristup dakle, upućuje na onaj unutrašnji momenat, naše dužnosti i obaveze, odgovornost za sam moralni poredak (hrv. ćudoređe). Najinteresantniji i najznačajniji predstavnik ovakvog pristupa je svakako nemački filozof Imanuel Kant (1724—1804). Njegova etika pored ove deontološke crte ima i aprioristički, formalistički, racionalistički, autonomni, ne-emotivistički i ne-metafizički karakter. Nema ništa na svetu, pa čak ni izvan njega, kaže Kant, da je dobro, osim, i jedino, dobre volje. A volja je dobra onda kada je određena unutrašnjim razlogom, „kategoričkim imperativom” kao činjenicom uma. Ovaj racionalno zasnovan postulat ne traži od nas ostvarenje bilo kakvih unapred zadatih ciljeva, nego samo minimum logičke doslednosti koja se manifestuje u mogućnosti „univerzalizacije” maksime našeg delovanja. Samo ona radnja koja je učinjena iz dužnosti, poštovanje prema moralnom zakonu u nama, jeste dobar postupak (dobrodetelj). Ako je pak jedno postupanje samo po svojim spoljašnjim karakteristikama ispravno, onda govorimo o legalitetu. Kant takođe isključuje emotivne motive, saosećanje i empatiju iz motivacionog spektra ponašanja. Ovi su espekti podložni proizvoljnosti, i mogu da dovedu u pitanje pouzdanost etičkih principa. Ono što je manjkavost ovakvog pristupa jeste njegov rigorizam, koji ne dupušta uticaj situacionog, životnog ili istorijskog aspekta na moralnu procenu. Ono što je njegova vrednost je činjenica da snaži konstantnost, uzvišenost i neprikosnovenost moralnog zakona u nama. Ova vrsta vrednovanja brana je interesnim, ideološkim i ad hock tumačenjima u etičkoj sferi. Ovim je takođe istaknuto dostojanstvo čoveka, kao moralnog bića. Svima je znana ona metafora o zvezdanom nebu nad nama i moralnom zakonu u nama. Pred ovim prvim smo mali, a sa ovim drugim beskrajno veliki-ljudi.

Reference

^ from the verb δέω "bind, tie, fetter", via the present participle stem deont- + the suffix -logia.
^ „Deontology dictionary definition | deontology defined”.
^ ^а ^б Waller, Bruce N. 2005. Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Longman: 23.
^ Flew, Antony. 1979. "Consequentialism". In A Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd Ed.). New York: St Martins: 73.
^ Beauchamp, Tom L. 1991 Philosophical Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy, 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw Hill: 171.
^ Jeremy Bentham, Chrestomathia (1816), p. 213: "For a synonym, Dicastic Ethics may have the single-worded appellative Deontology. [Deontology.] From two Greek words, the first of which signifies fit, fitting, right, becoming, proper. Deontology—an account or indication of that which, on the occasion in question, whatsoever it be, is—(i.e. by him who speaks or writes, is regarded as being)—fit, fitting, becoming, proper. It is in sound only, and not in signification, that it has any connexion with the word ontology, employed above. Applied to every branch of Ethics, taken in the largest sense of the word Ethics, the use of such a word as Deontology affords a promise of being attended with considerable convenience. It will accord equally well with every system which ever has been, or ever can be, devised, in relation to the foundation of moral obligation :—in the use of it, no such incongruity and presumption is involved, as that which is called petitio principii—i.e. a begging of the question—an assumption of the matter in dispute." Also explained as "the knowledge of what is right and proper": "Deontology is derived from the Greek words, το δεον (that which is proper) and Λογια, knowledge — meaning the knowledge of what is right and proper; and it is here specially applied to the subject of morals, or that part of the field of action which is not the object of public legislation. As an art, it is the doing what is fit to be done; as a science, the knowing what is fit to be done on every occasion." Deontology or, The science of morality : in which the harmony and co-incidence of duty and self-interest, virtue and felicity, prudence and benevolence, are explained and exemplified : from the MSS. of Jeremy Bentham ed. Bowring (1834), p. 21.

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

Kantian Ethics - Summary A concise summary of the key details of Kant's deontology
Freedom and the Boundary of Morals, Lecture 22 from Stephen Palmquist's book, The Tree of Philosophy (fourth edition, 2000).
Deontology and Ethical Ends

[1] rom the verb δέω "bind, tie, fetter", via the present participle stem deont- + the suffix -logia.

[2] „Deontology dictionary definition | deontology defined”.

[Waller,_Bruce_N_2005-3] а ^б Waller, Bruce N. 2005. Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Longman: 23.

[4] Flew, Antony. 1979. "Consequentialism". In A Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd Ed.). New York: St Martins: 73.

[5] Beauchamp, Tom L. 1991 Philosophical Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy, 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw Hill: 171.

[6] Jeremy Bentham, Chrestomathia (1816), p. 213: "For a synonym, Dicastic Ethics may have the single-worded appellative Deontology. [Deontology.] From two Greek words, the first of which signifies fit, fitting, right, becoming, proper. Deontology—an account or indication of that which, on the occasion in question, whatsoever it be, is—(i.e. by him who speaks or writes, is regarded as being)—fit, fitting, becoming, proper. It is in sound only, and not in signification, that it has any connexion with the word ontology, employed above. Applied to every branch of Ethics, taken in the largest sense of the word Ethics, the use of such a word as Deontology affords a promise of being attended with considerable convenience. It will accord equally well with every system which ever has been, or ever can be, devised, in relation to the foundation of moral obligation :—in the use of it, no such incongruity and presumption is involved, as that which is called petitio principii—i.e. a begging of the question—an assumption of the matter in dispute." Also explained as "the knowledge of what is right and proper": "Deontology is derived from the Greek words, το δεον (that which is proper) and Λογια, knowledge — meaning the knowledge of what is right and proper; and it is here specially applied to the subject of morals, or that part of the field of action which is not the object of public legislation. As an art, it is the doing what is fit to be done; as a science, the knowing what is fit to be done on every occasion." Deontology or, The science of morality : in which the harmony and co-incidence of duty and self-interest, virtue and felicity, prudence and benevolence, are explained and exemplified : from the MSS. of Jeremy Bentham ed. Bowring (1834), p. 21.

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