Državna religija

Državna religija ili službena religija je naziv za koncept religijskih vjerovanja i na njemu temeljenu religijsku organizaciju iza koje stoji sankcija države koja je smatra integralnim dijelom svog ustavnog poretka. U pojedinim hrišćanskim zemljama se za organizacije službene religije koristi izraz državna crkva.

Uz pojam državne religije se vezuje koncept teokratije, iako sve zemlje sa državnom religijom nisu teokratske, s obzirom da je u njima svjetovna vlast nadređena religijskoj (duhovnoj). Takođe sve zemlje sa državnom religijom ne moraju imati vlastite religijske organizacije, odnosno državna religija svoje sjedište i poglavara može imati izvan njenih granica.

Državne religije se mogu manifestirati na razne načine — od zemalja gdje sveštenici i poglavari državnih religija imaju tek ceremonijalnu ili simboličnu ulogu, preko zemalja gdje državne religije uživaju poseban status ili državnu finansijsku podršku, do zemalja gdje igraju ključnu ulogu u političkom životu, odnosno njihovi predstavnici su nadređeni svim ostalim državnim institucijama. Kao prvi primjer mogu poslužiti luteranske državne crkve u skandinavskim zemljama, a kao drugi savremeni Iran.

Službene ili državne religije su fenomen koji je tokom najvećeg dijela istorije bio prije pravilo nego izuzetak, odnosno tek su se postepeno počele odvajati religijske od političkih funkcija, odnosno religijski od državnih poglavara. U zapadnom svijetu se od 18. vijeka kao jedna od glavnih vrijednosti postepeno počinje promovisati sekularizam, odnosno odvajanje crkve i države koje se smatra nespojivim sa konceptom državne religije. Takvi su se trendovi proširili po ostatku svijeta — pri čemu izuzetak čine islamske zemlje — tako da većina ustava izričito promoviše slobodu vjeroispovjesti, odnosno jednakopravnost građana s obzirom na njihova religijska uvjerenja. U praksi, međutim, pojedine vjerske zajednice mogu imati tako snažan uticaj na politički život i milje neke zemlje, da u njima de facto predstavljaju državnu religiju.

Pojedine zemlje mogu imati i više od jedne službene religije, ali se pod time najčešće podrazumijevaju vjerske zajednice koje određeni autoritarni ili totalitarni režimi „priznaju“ kao „normalne“ odnosno daju im izričitu slobodu djelovanja koja je zabranjena svim ostalima.

Tipovi

Stepen i priroda državne podrške za denominaciju ili verovanje koji su označeni kao državna religija mogu varirati. Može se kretati od pukog prihvatanja (sa ili bez finansijske podrške) sa slobodom da se druge vere praktikuju, do zabrane bilo kakvom konkurentnom verskom telu da deluje, i do progona sledbenika drugih sekti. U Evropi se nadmetanje katoličkih i protestantskih denominacija za državno sponzorstvo u 16. veku razvilo po principu Cuius regio, eius religio (države slede religiju vladara) otelotvorenog u tekstu sporazuma koji je obeležio Augzburški mir 1555. godine. U Engleskoj, Henri VIII je raskinuo s Rimom 1534. godine, proglašavajući se vrhovnim poglavarom Crkve u Engleskoj,^[1] dok je službena religija Engleske nastavila da bude „katolicizam bez pape” sve dok njegove smrti 1547. godine,^[2] dok se u Škotskoj Crkva Škotske suprotstavila religiji vladara.

U nekim slučajevima, administrativna regija može da sponzira i finansira grupu verskih denominacija; takav je slučaj u Alzas-Mozelu u Francuskoj prema lokalnom zakonu, po francuskom pre-1905 konkordatorskom pravnom sistemu i obrascima u Nemačkoj.^[3]

U nekim komunističkim državama, posebno u Severnoj Koreji i na Kubi, država je sponzor verskih organizacija, a aktivnosti izvan tih državno-sponziranih verskih organizacija naileze na različite stepene zvaničnog neodobravanja. U tim slučajevima se na državne religije široko gleda kao na napore države da spreči alternativne izvore vlasti.

Spisak zemalja sa službenom religijom

Hrišćanske zemlje

Katolicizam

Kostarika^[4]
Lihtenštajn^[5]
Malta^[6]
Monako^[7]
Vatikan (Sveta stolica) (teokratija)^[8]

Pravoslavlje

Grčka (Grčka pravoslavna crkva)^[9]

Protestantizam

Luteranstvo

Reformirane crkve

Tuvalu (Crkva Tuvalua)

Anglikanstvo

Engleska (Crkva Engleske)

Muslimanske zemlje

Sunitski islam

Avganistan
Alžir (de facto sekularna)
Bahrein
Brunei
Egipat
provincija Acheh u Indoneziji (ostatak zemlje je sekularan)
Jordan (de facto sekularna)
Kuvajt
Libija
Malezija
Mauritanija
Maroko
Pakistan
Katar
Saudijska Arabija
Somalija
Tunis
Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati
Jemen

Šijitski islam

Vidi još

Reference

^ The headship was administrative and jurisdictional but did not include the potestas ordinis (the right to preach, ordain, administer the sacraments and rites of the Church which were reserved to the clergy). Bray, Gerald. Documents of the English Reformation James Clarke & Cº (1994), p. 114
^ Neill, Stephen. Anglicanism Penguin (1960), p. 61
^ The concerned religious communities are the dioceses of Metz and of Strasbourg, the Lutheran EPCAAL and the Reformed EPRAL and the three Israelite consistories in Colmar, Metz and Strasbourg.
^ Super User. „Costa Rica Constitution in English – Constitutional Law – Costa Rica Legal Topics”. costaricalaw.com. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 9. 2015. г.
^ Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (26. март 2009): Article 37(2), digital Liechtenstein.
^ Malta – Constitution, Constitutional Law, Section 2 [State Religion].
^ CONSTITUTION DE LA PRINCIPAUTE Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (27. септембар 2011) (French): Art. 9., Principaute De Monaco: Ministère d'Etat.
^ „Vatican City”. Catholic-Pages.com. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 09. 2019. г. Приступљено 12. 8. 2013.
^ THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE : SECTION II RELATIONS OF CHURCH AND STATE, Hellenic Resources network.
^ Denmark – Constitution: Section 4 [State Church], Constitutional Law
^ Constitution of the Republic of Iceland: Article 62, Government of Iceland.
^ Norway – Constitution: Article 2 [Religion, State Religion], Constitutional Law
^ „2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nepal, Office of International Religious Freedom”.
^ „Nepal, The Freedom of Thought Report”.
^
„Draft of Tsa Thrim Chhenmo” (PDF). www.constitution.bt. 1. 8. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 11. 2007. г. Приступљено 18. 10. 2007.
Article 3, Spiritual Heritage
1. Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance.
2. The Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all religions in Bhutan.
3. It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.
4. The Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo.
5. His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons.
6. The members of the Dratshang Lhentshog shall comprise:
  (a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman;
  (b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung Dratshang; and
  (c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant.
7. The Zhung Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.„Bhutan's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org/. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.
^ Article 67:
"The State should support and protect Buddhism and other religions. In supporting and protecting Buddhism, [...] the State should promote and support education and dissemination of dharmic principles of Theravada Buddhism [...], and shall have measures and mechanisms to prevent Buddhism from being undermined in any form. The State should also encourage Buddhists to participate in implementing such measures or mechanisms."„Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand” (PDF). constitutionnet.org. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.
^ „Constitution of Cambodia”. cambodia.org. Приступљено 13. 4. 2011. (Article 43).
^ „East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Cambodia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2010. г. Приступљено 25. 07. 2020.
^ „Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003” (PDF). constituteproject.org. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017. „Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people.”
^ „Myanmar's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.

Literatura

McConnell, Michael W. (2003), „Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion”, William and Mary Law Review, provided by Questia.com, 44 (5): 2105, Архивирано из оригинала 01. 12. 2008. г., Приступљено 23. 11. 2006.
Rowlands, John Henry Lewis (1989). Church, State, and Society, 1827–1845: the Attitudes of John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, and John Henry Newman. Worthing, Eng.: P. Smith [of] Churchman Publishing; Folkestone, Eng.: distr. ... by Bailey Book Distribution. ISBN 1850931321
McConnell, Michael W. (april 2003). „Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion”. William and Mary Law Review, Provided by Questia.com. 44 (5): 2105. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 06. 2011. г. Приступљено 23. 11. 2006.

Spoljašnje veze

„Draft of Tsa Thrim Chhenmo” (PDF). www.constitution.bt. 1. 8. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 11. 2007. г. Приступљено 18. 10. 2007.
„Bhutan's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org/. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.
„Constitution of Cambodia”. cambodia.org. Приступљено 13. 4. 2011.
„East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Cambodia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2010. г. Приступљено 25. 07. 2020.

[1] The headship was administrative and jurisdictional but did not include the potestas ordinis (the right to preach, ordain, administer the sacraments and rites of the Church which were reserved to the clergy). Bray, Gerald. Documents of the English Reformation James Clarke & Cº (1994), p. 114

[2] Neill, Stephen. Anglicanism Penguin (1960), p. 61

[3] The concerned religious communities are the dioceses of Metz and of Strasbourg, the Lutheran EPCAAL and the Reformed EPRAL and the three Israelite consistories in Colmar, Metz and Strasbourg.

[4] Super User. „Costa Rica Constitution in English – Constitutional Law – Costa Rica Legal Topics”. costaricalaw.com. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 9. 2015. г.

[LiechtensteinConstitution-5] Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (26. март 2009): Article 37(2), digital Liechtenstein.

[6] Malta – Constitution, Constitutional Law, Section 2 [State Religion].

[MonacoReligion-7] CONSTITUTION DE LA PRINCIPAUTE Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (27. септембар 2011) (French): Art. 9., Principaute De Monaco: Ministère d'Etat.

[pages-8] „Vatican City”. Catholic-Pages.com. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 09. 2019. г. Приступљено 12. 8. 2013.

[GreeceConstitution-9] THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE : SECTION II RELATIONS OF CHURCH AND STATE, Hellenic Resources network.

[DenmarkConstitution-10] Denmark – Constitution: Section 4 [State Church], Constitutional Law

[IcelandConstitution-11] Constitution of the Republic of Iceland: Article 62, Government of Iceland.

[NorwayConstitution-12] Norway – Constitution: Article 2 [Religion, State Religion], Constitutional Law

[13] „2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nepal, Office of International Religious Freedom”.

[14] „Nepal, The Freedom of Thought Report”.

[15] „Draft of Tsa Thrim Chhenmo” (PDF). www.constitution.bt. 1. 8. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 11. 2007. г. Приступљено 18. 10. 2007.
Article 3, Spiritual Heritage
Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance.

The Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all religions in Bhutan.

It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.

The Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo.

His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons.

The members of the Dratshang Lhentshog shall comprise:
(a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman;
(b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung Dratshang; and
(c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant.

The Zhung Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.„Bhutan's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org/. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.

[16] Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance.

[17] The Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all religions in Bhutan.

[18] It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.

[19] The Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo.

[20] His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons.

[21] The members of the Dratshang Lhentshog shall comprise:
(a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman;
(b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung Dratshang; and
(c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant.

[22] The Zhung Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.„Bhutan's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org/. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.

[16] Article 67:
"The State should support and protect Buddhism and other religions. In supporting and protecting Buddhism, [...] the State should promote and support education and dissemination of dharmic principles of Theravada Buddhism [...], and shall have measures and mechanisms to prevent Buddhism from being undermined in any form. The State should also encourage Buddhists to participate in implementing such measures or mechanisms."„Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand” (PDF). constitutionnet.org. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.

[17] „Constitution of Cambodia”. cambodia.org. Приступљено 13. 4. 2011. (Article 43).

[18] „East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Cambodia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency”. www.cia.gov. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2010. г. Приступљено 25. 07. 2020.

[19] „Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003” (PDF). constituteproject.org. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017. „Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people.”

[20] „Myanmar's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.

[28] Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance.

[29] The Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all religions in Bhutan.

[30] It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.

[31] The Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo.

[32] His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons.

[33] The members of the Dratshang Lhentshog shall comprise:
(a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman;
(b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung Dratshang; and
(c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant.

[34] The Zhung Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.„Bhutan's Constitution of 2008” (PDF). constituteproject.org/. Приступљено 29. 10. 2017.

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