Ratne reparacije

Ratne reparacije (engl. war reparations) su poseban oblik naknade ratne štete. Mirovnim ugovorima posle Prvog i Drugog svetskog rata, pobeđene države bile su obavezne da plate zemljama pobednicama štete nanesene u vreme rata. Plaćanje (nadoknada) se vrši novcem, robom, industrijskim postrojenjima i obektima. Za razliku od ratne štete, koja je obično veća od stvarno pričinjene štete, reparacijama je cilj stvarno obeštećenje pobednika za štetu pretrpljenu u ratu.

Prvi svetski rat

Reparacije su prvi put primenjene posle Prvog svetskog rata. Nemačka i druge pobeđene države Centralnih sila bile su obavezne Versajskim, Lozanskim, Sen-žermenskim i ostalim mirovnim ugovorima da nadoknade štetu saveznicima, pričinjenu ratom. Radi određivanja visine nadoknade i kontrole plaćanja formirana je Međusaveznička reparaciona komisija, koja je utvrdila reparacioni iznos od 132 milijarde zlatnih maraka. Od te sume trebalo je da Nemačka plati 126,3 milijarde za 30 godina. Kasnije je ukupna suma reparacija smanjena na 117 milijardi. Od 1924. do 1930. Nemačka je isplatila svega 11 milijardi, 1931. odobren joj je jednogodišnji moratorijum zbog svetske ekonomske krize (1929-1933), a već 1932. na Lozanskoj konferenciji reparacione obaveze Nemačke svedene su na 3 milijarde zlatnih maraka. Ni sporazum u Lozani mije realizovan zbog dolaska na vlast fašizma u Nemačkoj (početkom 1933), kada je Nemačka otkazala dalje plaćanje svojih obaveza po Versajskom ugovoru.

Drugi svetski rat

U Drugom svetskom ratu, na Krimskoj konferenciji (4-11. februara 1945) razmatrane su reparacije koje je trebalo da plati Nemačka, i utvrđen je princip da mora nadoknaditi štetu u naturi do najveće moguće mere. Na Potsdamskoj konferenciji razrađene su obaveze Nemačke u pogledu reparacija i podeljene na dva dela: u istočnoj okupacionoj zoni (kasnije DR Nemačka), pod kontrolom SSSR, obezbediće se reparacije za SSSR i Poljsku, a iz zapadnih okupacionih zona (SR Nemačka) za SAD, Veliku Britaniju, Francusku i ostalih 19 država koje su pretrpele štetu od Nemačke. Pored reparacija iz svoje okupacione zone, SSSR je dobio pravo i na deo reparacija iz zapadne okupacione zone (10% industrijskih postrojenja koja nisu potrebna nemačkoj mirnodopskoj privredi).

Od Nemačke

Pariskim sporazumom od 14. januara 1946. regulisano je ostvarivanje reparacija iz zapadne okupacione zone: predviđeni su formiranje Međusaveznička agencije za reparacije i restitucija monetarnog zlata. Sporazumima je predviđeno ostvarenje reparacija demontiranjem industrijskih objekata, zaplenom nemačke imovine u inostranstvu, trgovačke mornarice, zaplenom namirnica i materijala, a u izvesnoj meri i tekuće industrijske proizvodnje. Sve to trebalo je raspodeliti zainteresovanim državama prema utvrđenim procentima i kategorijama. Kategorija A obuhvatala je nemačku imovinu u inostranstvu, zaplenjeni materijal i tekuću proizvodnju, a kategorija B industrijske uređaje, pomorske i rečne brodove. Albaniji, Austriji, Belgiji, Čehoslovačkoj, Danskoj, Egiptu, Francuskoj, Grčkoj, Holandiji, Indiji, Jugoslaviji, Kanadi, Južnoafričkoj republici, Luksemburgu, Norveškoj, Novom Zelandu, SAD i Velikoj Britaniji određen je procenat u svakoj od pomenutih kategorija.

Jugoslaviji je određeno 6,60% u kategoriji A i 9,60% u kategoriji B. Od 1945. do 1949. demontirana su neka industrijska postrojenja u zapadnoj okupacionoj zoni, zaplenjen je deo nemačkih trgovačkih brodova i pokretne imovine, a nemačka imovina na teritoriji pobedničkih i nekih neutralnih zemalja, sporazumno s tim zemljama, konfiskovana. Konfiskovana imovina podeljena je zainteresovanim državama prema ključu, kao akontacija na ime reparacije. Države članice Međusavezničke agencije za reparacije dobile su 667 fabrika u vrednosti od 708 miliona DM (po kursu iz 1938), odnosno oko milion tona demontiranog naterijala. Od ukupno procenjene visine reparacija - 1304 milijarde DM, Jugoslavija je primila 509 miliona dolara, ili svega oko 2% od ukupno pričinjene štete.

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