Filozofija veštačke inteligencije

Filozofija veštačke inteligencije je grana filozofije uma i filozofije računarstva^[1] koja istražuje veštačku inteligenciju i njene implikacije na znanje i razumevanje inteligencije, etike, svesti, epistemologije i slobodne volje.^[2]^[3] Štaviše, tehnologija se bavi stvaranjem veštačkih životinja ili veštačkih ljudi (ili, barem, veštačkih stvorenja; pogledajte veštački život), tako da je disciplina od velikog interesa za filozofe.^[4] Ovi faktori su doprineli nastanku filozofije veštačke inteligencije.

Filozofija veštačke inteligencije pokušava da odgovori na sledeća pitanja:^[5]

Može li mašina da deluje inteligentno? Može li to da reši bilo koji problem koji bi čovek rešio razmišljanjem?
Da li su ljudska inteligencija i inteligencija mašina iste? Da li je ljudski mozak u suštini kompjuter?
Može li mašina imati um, mentalna stanja i svest u istom smislu kao i ljudsko biće? Može li se osetiti kako stvari stoje? (tj. da li ima svest?)

Pitanja poput ovih odražavaju različita interesovanja istraživača veštačke inteligencije, kognitivnih naučnika i filozofa. Naučni odgovori na ova pitanja zavise od definicije „inteligencije” i „svesti” i tačno o kojim se „mašinama” raspravlja.

Važne propozicije u filozofiji veštačke inteligencije uključuju neke od sledećih tema:

Tjuringova „pristojna konvencija“: Ako se mašina ponaša inteligentno kao ljudsko biće, onda je inteligentna kao i ljudsko biće.^[6]
Dartmutski predlog: „Svaki aspekt učenja ili bilo koja druga karakteristika inteligencije može se u principu tako precizno opisati da se može napraviti mašina da ga simulira.“^[7]
Hipoteza o sistemu fizičkih simbola Alena Njuela i Herberta A. Sajmona: „Fizički sistem simbola ima neophodna i dovoljna sredstva opšte inteligentne akcije.“^[8]
Snažna hipoteza veštačke inteligencije Džona Sirla: „Odgovarajuće programirani računar sa pravim ulazima i izlazima bi stoga imao um u potpuno istom smislu kao i ljudska bića.“^[9]
Hobsov mehanizam: „Jer 'razum'... nije ništa drugo do 'računanje', to je sabiranje i oduzimanje, posledica opštih imena dogovorenih za 'obeležavanje' i 'označavanje' naših misli...”^[10]

Reference

^ „Philosophy of Computer Science”. obo (на језику: енглески).
^ McCarthy, John. „The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy”. jmc.stanford.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-10-23. г. Приступљено 2018-09-18.
^ Müller, Vincent C. (2023-07-24). „Philosophy of AI: A structured overview”. Nathalie A. Smuha (Ed.), Cambridge Handbook on the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence.
^ Bringsjord, Selmer; Govindarajulu, Naveen Sundar (2018), „Artificial Intelligence”, Ур.: Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 изд.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Архивирано из оригинала 2019-11-09. г., Приступљено 2018-09-18
^ Russell & Norvig 2003, стр. 947 define the philosophy of AI as consisting of the first two questions, and the additional question of the ethics of artificial intelligence. Fearn 2007, стр. 55 writes "In the current literature, philosophy has two chief roles: to determine whether or not such machines would be conscious, and, second, to predict whether or not such machines are possible." The last question bears on the first two.
^ This is a paraphrase of the essential point of the Turing test. Turing 1950, Haugeland 1985, стр. 6–9, Crevier 1993, стр. 24, Russell & Norvig 2003, стр. 2–3 and 948
^ McCarthy et al. 1955. This assertion was printed in the program for the Dartmouth Conference of 1956, widely considered the "birth of AI."also Crevier 1993, стр. 28
^ Newell & Simon 1976 and Russell & Norvig 2003, стр. 18
^ This version is from Searle (1999), and is also quoted in Dennett 1991, стр. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." Searle 1980, стр. 1. Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell & Norvig (2003, стр. 947): "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking) is called the 'strong AI' hypothesis."
^ Hobbes 1651, chpt. 5

Literatura

Adam, Alison (1989). Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine. Routledge & CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-12963-3
Benjamin, Ruha (2019). Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-509-52643-7
Blackmore, Susan (2005), Consciousness: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press
Bostrom, Nick (2014), Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-967811-2
Brooks, Rodney (1990), „Elephants Don't Play Chess” (PDF), Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 6 (1–2): 3—15, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.7539  , doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9, Приступљено 2007-08-30
Bryson, Joanna (2019). The Artificial Intelligence of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Overview for Law and Regulation, 34.
Chalmers, David J (1996), The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 978-0-19-511789-9
Cole, David (јесен 2004), „The Chinese Room Argument”, Ур.: Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
Crawford, Kate (2021). Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press.
Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3.
Dennett, Daniel (1991), Consciousness Explained, The Penguin Press, ISBN 978-0-7139-9037-9
Dreyfus, Hubert (1972), What Computers Can't Do, New York: MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-06-011082-6
Dreyfus, Hubert (1979), What Computers Still Can't Do, New York: MIT Press .
Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986), Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer, Oxford, UK: Blackwell
Fearn, Nicholas (2007), The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers, New York: Grove Press
Gladwell, Malcolm (2005), Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking, Boston: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-316-17232-5 .
Harnad, Stevan (2001), „What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument?”, Ур.: Bishop, M.; Preston, J., Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument, Oxford University Press
Haraway, Donna (1985). A Cyborg Manifesto.
Haugeland, John (1985), Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press .
Hofstadter, Douglas (1979), Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid .
Horst, Steven (2009), „The Computational Theory of Mind”, Ур.: Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University .
Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2018), „Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence”, Business Horizons, 62: 15—25, S2CID 158433736, doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004
Kurzweil, Ray (2005), The Singularity is Near, New York: Viking Press, ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3 .
Lucas, John (1961), „Minds, Machines and Gödel”, Ур.: Anderson, A.R., Minds and Machines, Архивирано из оригинала 19. 08. 2007. г., Приступљено 24. 03. 2024 .
Malabou, Catherine (2019). Morphing Intelligence: From IQ Measurement to Artificial Brains. (C. Shread, Trans.). Columbia University Press.
McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955), A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, Архивирано из оригинала 2008-09-30. г. .
McCarthy, John (1999), What is AI?, Архивирано из оригинала 4. 12. 2022. г., Приступљено 4. 12. 2022
McDermott, Drew (14. 5. 1997), „How Intelligent is Deep Blue”, New York Times, Архивирано из оригинала 4. 10. 2007. г., Приступљено 10. 10. 2007
Moravec, Hans (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press
Penrose, Roger (1989), The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-14-014534-2 c
Rescorla, Michael, "The Computational Theory of Mind", in:Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition)
Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd изд.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Searle, John (1980), „Minds, Brains and Programs” (PDF), Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (3): 417—457, S2CID 55303721, doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2015-09-23. г.
Searle, John (1992), The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press
Searle, John (1999), Mind, language and society, New York, NY: Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-04521-1, OCLC 231867665
Turing, Alan (октобар 1950), „Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind, LIX (236): 433—460, ISSN 0026-4423, doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433

[1] „Philosophy of Computer Science”. obo (на језику: енглески).

[2] McCarthy, John. „The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy”. jmc.stanford.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-10-23. г. Приступљено 2018-09-18.

[:0-3] Müller, Vincent C. (2023-07-24). „Philosophy of AI: A structured overview”. Nathalie A. Smuha (Ed.), Cambridge Handbook on the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence.

[sep-4] Bringsjord, Selmer; Govindarajulu, Naveen Sundar (2018), „Artificial Intelligence”, Ур.: Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 изд.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Архивирано из оригинала 2019-11-09. г., Приступљено 2018-09-18

[5] Russell & Norvig 2003, стр. 947 define the philosophy of AI as consisting of the first two questions, and the additional question of the ethics of artificial intelligence. Fearn 2007, стр. 55 writes "In the current literature, philosophy has two chief roles: to determine whether or not such machines would be conscious, and, second, to predict whether or not such machines are possible." The last question bears on the first two.

[T-6] This is a paraphrase of the essential point of the Turing test. Turing 1950, Haugeland 1985, стр. 6–9, Crevier 1993, стр. 24, Russell & Norvig 2003, стр. 2–3 and 948

[MMRS-7] McCarthy et al. 1955. This assertion was printed in the program for the Dartmouth Conference of 1956, widely considered the "birth of AI."also Crevier 1993, стр. 28

[NS-8] Newell & Simon 1976 and Russell & Norvig 2003, стр. 18

[SWAI-9] This version is from Searle (1999), and is also quoted in Dennett 1991, стр. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." Searle 1980, стр. 1. Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell & Norvig (2003, стр. 947): "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking) is called the 'strong AI' hypothesis."

[H-10] Hobbes 1651, chpt. 5

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]