Kineska književnost

Istorije kineske književnosti proteže se hiljadama godina, od najranijih zapisanih dinastičkih dvorskih arhiva do zrelih novela o vernakularne fikcije, nastalih tokom dinastije Ming, radi zabave masa pismenih Kineza. Uvođenjem široko rasprostranjenog štampanja drvenih blokova tokom dinastije Tang (618–907) i izumom štampanja pokretnog tipa Bi Šenga (990–1051) za vreme dinastije Song (960–1279), brzo se proširilo pismeno znanje širom Kine. U modernijim vremenima, autor Lu Sjuen (1881–1936) smatra se osnivačem bajhua književnosti u Kini.

Preklasični period

Na formiranje najranijeg sloja kineske književnosti uticale su usmene tradicije različitog društvenog i profesionalnog porekla: kultne i laičke muzičke prakse (Šiđing), divinacija (Ji đing), astronomija, egzorcizam. Pokušaj praćenja rodoslova kineske književnosti do religioznih uroka i inkantacija (šest džua 六祝, kao što je predstavljeno u poglavlju „Da džu”, Obreda Džoua) napravio je Lju Šipej.

Istorijski tekstovi, rečnici i enciklopedije

Glavni članak: Kineska istoriografija

Sima Ćen je položio osnovu za profesionalnu kinesku istoriografiju pre više od 2000 godina.

Kinezi su čuvali dosledne i tačne sudske zapisnike od 841. godine p. n. e., sa početkom Gunghe namesništva dinastije Zapadni Džou. Najranija poznata narativna istorija o Kini bilo je delo Cuo Džuan, koje je sačinjeno najkasnije 389. godine p. n. e. i smatra se da ga je napisao slepi istoričar iz 5. veka p. n. e. Cuo Ćuming. Veruje se da je Knjiga dokumenata sastavljena još u 6. veku p. n. e., a sigurno je da je postojala do 4. veka p. n. e., najnovijeg datuma pisanja Guodjen Ču ostataka otkrivenih u jednoj Hubejskoj grobnici 1993. godine. Knjiga dokumenata obuhvata rane informacije o geografiji u poglavlju Ju Gong. Bambusni anali pronađeni 281. godine u grobnici kralja Veja, koji je sahranjen 296. godine p. n. e., pružaju još jedan primer. Međutim, za razliku od Cuo Džuana, autentičnost ranog datuma Bambusnih anala je osporena. Još jedan rani tekst bila je knjiga političke strategije Džan Guo Cea, sastavljena između 3. i 1. veka p. n. e., sa delom teksta pronađenim među grobnicama II veka pne na grobničkoj lokaciji u Mavangdueju. Najstariji postojeći rečnik u Kini je Erija, datiran na 3. vek pne, anonimno napisan, ali sa kasnijim komentarima istoričara Guo Pua (276–324). Ostali rani rečnici uključuju Fangjan autora Jang Sjunga (53. p. n. e. - 18) i Šuoven Đeci autora Sju Šena (58–147). Jedan od najvećih bio je Kansi rečnik sastavljen 1716. godine pod pokroviteljstvom cara Kansi (vladao 1661–1722); on pruža definicije za preko 47.000 znakova.

Iako su prethodno postojali sudski spisi i drugi nezavisni zapisi, fundamentalno delo u ranom kineskom istorijskom pisanju bio je Šiđi, ili Zapisi velikog istoričara, koje je napisao dvorski istoričar iz dinastije Han Sima Ćen (145. p. n. e. - 90. p. n. e.). Ovaj prekretnički tekst postavio je temelje kineskoj istoriografiji i mnogim zvaničnim kineskim istorijskim tekstovima sabranim za svaku dinastiju nakon toga. Sima Ćen se često upoređuje s grčkim Herodotom po obimu i metodu, jer je on pokrivao kinesku istoriju od mitske dinastije Sja do savremene vladavine cara Vua od Hana zadržavajući objektivno i nepristrasno stajalište. Ovo je često bilo teško ostvarivo za zvanične dinastičke istoričare, koji su koristili istorijska dela da opravdaju vladavinu trenutne dinastije. On je uticao na pisana dela mnogih kineskih istoričara, uključujući dela Ban Gua i Ban Džaoa u I i II veku, pa čak i na Sima Guangovu kompilaciju Cidži Tongđena iz 11. veka, koja je predstavljena caru Šencungu of Songa 1084. godine. Ukupni opseg istoriografske tradicije u Kini naziva se Dvadeset četiri istorije, stvorene za svaku uzastopnu kinesku dinastiju do dinastije Ming (1368–1644). Poslednja kineska dinastija, dinastija Ćing (1644–1911), nije uključena.

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• Cui, Jie; Zong-qi Cai (2012). How to Read Chinese Poetry Workbook. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15658-5. 
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Spoljašnje veze

• Paper Republic – Chinese Literature in Translation – useful site, and produces annual list of translations into English (2015, 2014, 2013, 2012)
• MCLC Resource Center—Literature – bibliography of scholarly studies and translations of modern Chinese literature
• Modern Chinese Literature and Culture – scholarly journal
• Chinese Text Sampler – Annotated collection of classical and modern Chinese literary texts
• Chinese Text Project – Early classical texts with English and modern Chinese translations
• Renditions – English translations of modern and classical Chinese literature
• China the Beautiful – Chinese Art and Literature – Early classical texts
• Chinese Text Sampler: Readings in Chinese Literature, History, and Popular Culture – Annotated Collection of Digitized Chinese Texts for Students of Chinese Language and Culture
• The Columbia University Press web page accompanying Cai 2008 has PDF and MP3 files for more than 75 poems and Cambridge University Press's web page accompanying Cui 2012 includes MP3 files of modern Chinese translations for dozens of these