Drugi princip termodinamike
Drugi princip termodinamike navodi da se ukupna entropija izolovanog sistema nikada ne može smanjiti tokom vremena. Ukupna entropija sistema i njegovog okruženja može da ostane konstantna u idealnim slučajevima gde je sistem u termodinamičkoj ravnoteži, ili se u njemu odvija (fiktivni) reverzibilni proces. U svim procesima koji se javljaju, uključujući spontane procese,[1] ukupna entropija sistema i njegovog okruženja se povećava i proces je nepovratan u termodinamičkom smislu. Porast entropije objašnjava nepovratnost prirodnih procesa, i asimetriju između budućnosti i prošlosti.[2] Drugi princip termodinamike određuje smer toplotnih procesa: toplota nikada ne prelazi spontano sa tela koje ima nižu temperaturu na telo koje ima višu temperaturu. Pored smera toplotnih procesa, drugi princip termodinamike pokazuje nemogućnost postojanja perpetuum mobile druge vrste.
Istorijski, drugi zakon je bio empirijski nalaz koji je bio prihvatan kao aksiom termodinamičke teorije. Statistička mehanika, klasična ili kvantna, objašnjava mikroskopsko poreklo zakona.
Drugi zakon je bio izražen na mnogo načina. Njegovu prvu formulaciju je proizveo francuski fizičar Sadi Karno, koji je 1824. godine pokazao da postoji gornja granica efikasnosti konverzije toplote u rad, u toplotnoj mašini.
Definicije drugog principa termodinamike
urediPostoji više definicija drugog principa termodinamike a najpoznatija su Klauzijusovo, Plankovo, Bolcmanovo, Karnoovo.
Klauzijusovo načelo: Entropija izolovanog sistema nije ravnotežna, već vremenom teži da se približi maksimumu.
Plankovo načelo: Nemoguće je konstruisati mašinu sa periodičnim dejstvom koja ne radi ništa drugo osim što podiže teret i hladi toplotni rezervoar. Drugi zakon termodinamike ukazuje nam da proces pretvaranja toplote u rad (a prema tome i hlađenje tela koje odaje toplotu) ne pojavljuje kao jedini ishod ovog procesa, već moraju postojati i drugi rezultati.
Karno: Najveći koeficijent korisnog dejstva toplotne mašine ne zavisi od vrste tela koje posreduje i potpuno je određen početnom i krajnjom temperaturom rada mašine.
Perpetuum mobile druge vrste
urediPrvi princip termodinamike ostavlja teorijsku mogućnost da se sva količina toplote pretvori u rad. Ako bismo bili u mogućnosti da konstruišemo takvu mašinu koja bi potpuno pretvorila toplotu u koristan rad, a da ovoj mašini ne treba hladnjak, ona bi bila perpetuum mobile druge vrste.
To znači da ne postoji mogućnost pretvaranje celokupne toplote u koristan rad bez gubitaka energije.
Perpetuum mobile prve vrste i perpetuum mobile druge vrste, međusobno se ne isključuju.
Statistički smisao drugog principa termodinamike
urediLudvig Bolcman je definisao drugi princip termodinamike sa statističkog stanovišta:
„Izolovan i prepušten samom sebi termodinamički sistem će preći iz manje verovatnog u verovatnije stanje“.
Pretpostavimo da imamo posudu u kojoj se nalaze dva gasa međusobno odvojena pregradom (na slici faza 1). Nakon uklanja pregrade gasovi će preći iz manje verovatnog stanja (na slici stanje do pod brojem 1) u verovatnije stanje (na slici stanje pod broj 2). Znači veća je verovatnoća da će doći do mešanja dva gasa pre nego da će ostati u prvobitnom stanju. Entropija sistema se povećala.
U zatvorenim sistemima entropija može samo da raste dostižući maksimum u stanju termodinamičke ravnoteže.
Primena drugog principa termodinamike
urediRashladni uređaji rade kao primena drugog principa termodinamike. Klima-uređaji hlade prostoriju na osnovu zagrevanja spoljašnjeg vazduha.
Vremenske strele
urediVremenske strele daju vremenu smer i razlikuju prošlost od budućnosti.
Zašto ne možemo da vidimo kako se razbijena čaša na podu sama vraća nazad na sto?
Razlog leži u drugom principu termodinamike. Tokom vremena entropija nekog sistema se povećava ili ostaje konstantna, ona se nikada ne smanjuje.
Postoje tri vremenske strele.
Maksvelov demon
urediSve je zapravo poteklo od čuvenog škotskog matematičara i fizičara Džejmsa Klerka Maksvela (1831—1879). Maksvel je osmislio jedan misaoni eksperiment uz pomoć koga je želeo da ospori drugi zakon termodinamike.
Zamislimo takođe jednu kutiju u kojoj se nalaze dva gasa. Kutija je izdeljena na dva dela A i B. Kutija je pregrađena i samo stvorenje (demon) koja se nalazi na sredini kutije ima mogućnost da propušta molekule. Tom demonu data je mogućnost da propušta samo brze molekule iz dela A u deo B, i da propušta samo spore molekule iz dela B u deo A.
Više činjenica
urediEntropija svemira se stalno povećava.
Za crne rupe takođe važi drugi princip termodinamike. Entropija u njima raste, što znači da imaju temperaturu i izvesno zračenje (Hokingovo zračenje).
Ekonomista Nikolas Georgesku-Regen pokazao je the značaj zakona o entropiji u polju ekonomije (njegov rad Zakon entropije i procesi u ekonomiji (The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), Harvard University Press)).
Vidi još
urediReference
uredi- ^ Atkins and de Paula, p.78
- ^ Zohuri, Bahman (2016). Dimensional Analysis Beyond the Pi Theorem. Springer. str. 111. ISBN 978-3-319-45726-0.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Drugi princip termodinamike
- Viva-fizika članak o Maksvelovom demonu
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics" – by Lawrence Sklar.
- Second law of thermodynamics in the MIT Course Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion from Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky
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