Heliocentrični sistem
Heliocentrični sistem[a] ili Kopernikov sistem je astronomski sistem, u čijem se središtu nalazi Sunce dok se Zemlja i ostale planete Sunčevog sistema okreću oko njega. Predstavlja suprotnost geocentričnom sistemu, u kome je Zemlja u središtu svemira. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the third century BC by Aristarchus of Samos,[3][4] who had been influenced by a concept presented by Philolaus of Croton (c. 470 – 385 BC). In medieval Europe, however, Aristarchus' heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic period.[b]
Ovakav sistem se prvi put sreće staroj Grčkoj. Njen najpoznatiji zastupnik bio je Aristarh sa Samosa (310.-230. p. n. e.).[6] Pre Aristarha sa Samosa, prvi tragovi heliocentričkog sistema mogu se naći još u Orfičkim himnama i učenjima Anaksimandra i Pitagorejaca. Kasnije, Aristarh sa Samosa, zasnovao je heliocentričnu teoriju, koja nažalost nije bila opšteprihvaćena zahvaljujući mišljenju velikig astronoma Klaudija Ptolemeja (2. vek).[7]
Tokom 4. veka, car Julijan Otpadnik podržavao je ideju heliocentričnom sistemu sveta.
Tokom srednjeg veka u rimokatoličkoj crkvi preovladalo je učenje o geocentričnom sistemu, sve do Nikole Kopernika koji je u 16. veku, ponovo promovisao heliocentrični sistem. Napisao je delo „O kretanju nebeskih sfera“ u 6 knjiga, objavljeno u Nirnbergu 1543. godine.[8]
Prema Koperniku središte celog sveta je nepomično Sunce, a oko njega se u uniformnim kružnica ma (danas se zna, da su elipse) kreću Zemlja i ostale planete Sunčevog sistema. Zemlja se okreće oko svoje ose i kruži oko Sunca.
Njegovo delo je uzrokovalo uzbunu u crkvenim krugovima, pa je papa 1616. ovo Kopernikovo delo zabranio i bilo je zabranjeno sve do 1822. godine. Ostale hrišćanske crkve (npr. kalvinizam) su takođe bile protiv heliocentričnog sistema, kao i nemali deo naučnika onoga doba: Francis Bekon, Tiho Brahe) i dr. ga nisu prihvatali zbog korelacije s merenjima koja u to doba nisu bila bolja od geocentričnog ili Ptolomejeva sistema.
1610. godine, Galileo Galilej objavio je svoja zapažanja o Jupiterovim mesecima, kao argument u korist Kopernikovog heliocentričnog sistema. 1612. je počeo da raste otpor protiv ideje o heliocentričnom sistemu, i 1614. je otac Tomaso Cazini (1574—1648) proglasio Galileove ideje opasnim, i jeretičkim. 1616. Galilej se uputio u Rim, sa namerom da odbrani svoje ideje, ali mu je kardinal Roberto Belarmino lično uručio zabranu iznošenja i zastupanja ideja o heliocentričnom sistemu. Galilej se nakon toga odrekao svih tvrdnji o heliocentričnom sistemu. Postoji legenda da se pred kraj života predomislio i promrmljao „Ipak se okreće“ ali za to ne postoji dokaz.
Tek 31. oktobra 1992. godine, 359 godina nakon procesa protiv Galileja, papa Jovan Pavle II zatražio je oprost i ukinuo presudu inkvizicije protiv Galileja.
Napomene
uredi- ^ Opciono se koriste velika slova, Heliocentrizam ili heliocentrizam, prema skraćenoj verziji Oksfordskog engleskog rečnika (6. izdanje, 2007). Termin je učena formacija zasnovana na grčkom ἥλιος Helios „Sunce” i κέντρον kentron „centar”; pridev heliocentričan prvi put je zabeležen na engleskom (kao heliocentrick) 1685. godine, po novolatinskom heliocentricus, u upotrebi otprilike iz istog vremena.[1] Apstraktna imenica u -izam je novijeg datuma, zabeležena je s kraja 19. veka[2] po uzoru na nemačke reči Heliocentrismus ili Heliozentrismus (oko 1870).
- ^ Prema Lucio Rusu, heliocentrični pogled je izložen u Hiparhovom delu o gravitaciji.[5]
Reference
uredi- ^ Johann Jakob Zimmermann, Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices, 1679, p. 28)
- ^ Constance Naden, Induction and Deduction: A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays (1890), p. 76: "Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets, on which astronomers were agreed, and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism"
- ^ Dreyer 1953, str. 135–148
- ^ Linton 2004, str. 38f.. The work of Aristarchus in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived. We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes' The Sand Reckoner.
- ^ Russo, Lucio (2003). The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why it Had to Be Reborn. Prevod: Levy, Silvio. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. str. 293—296. ISBN 978-3-540-20068-0.
- ^ http://www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf
- ^ „Timeline of Heliocentrism”. Arhivirano iz originala 02. 03. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 19. 02. 2013.
- ^ The Copernican Model: A Sun-Centered Solar System
Literatura
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi
- „Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary?”. Scienceray. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 8. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 27. 11. 2018.
- The Heliocentric Pantheon: An Interview with Walter Murch