Skupština

Skupština, parlament ili narodno predstavništvo je najviše predstavničko telo i nosilac ustavotvorne i zakonodavne vlasti u savremenim političkim sistemima.

U današnjem obliku, nastala je tek dva-tri veka unazad kao jedna od najvažnijih tekovina građanske revolucije i kao jedan od temelja demokratije i građanske države.

Reč „skupština“ potiče od glagola „skupljati“, a označava mesto na kome se skupljaju predstavnici naroda. Strani naziv „parlament“ potiče od riječi parlare, što znači govoriti, raspravljati. Najstariji parlament je islandski Alting osnovan 930. godine.

Kod Slovena, počeci skupštinskog života sežu u prošlost, kada su na narodnim saborima predstavnici naroda (obično „viđeniji“ ljudi ili upravnici oblasti), na poziv vladara, raspravljali o najvažnijim državnim pitanjima.

Parlament se istorijski razvio u Engleskoj, a prvobitna namena mu je bila u domenu određivanja visine poreza, da bi se potom opseg odlučivanja proširio na sud i, konačno, zakonodavstvo.

Skupština može biti jednodomna, dvodomna ili iz više domova (retko), a u današnjem političkom životu, u unitarnim državama, donji dom je obično jači, dok su u federalnim jednaki (gornji dom je obično dom federalnih jedinica).

Rani parlamenti

Od davnina, kada su društva bila plemenska, postojala su veća ili poglavar čije su odluke ocenjivale starešine sela. To se naziva tribalizam.^[2] Neki naučnici sugerišu da je u drevnoj Mesopotamiji postojala primitivna demokratska vlada u kojoj je kraljeve ocenjivao savet.^[3] Isto je rečeno za drevnu Indiju, gde je postojao neki oblik deliberativnih skupova, te je stoga postojao i neki oblik demokratije.^[4] Međutim, ove tvrdnje ne prihvata većina naučnika, koji vide ove oblike vladavine kao oligarhije.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Drevna Atina je bila kolevka demokratije.^[10] Atinska skupština (ἐκκλησία, eklesija) bila je najvažnija institucija, i u raspravi je mogao učestvovati svaki slobodan građanin. Robovi i žene nisu mogli. Međutim, atinska demokratija nije bila reprezentativna, već direktna, te se eklesija razlikovala od parlamentarnog sistema.

Rimska republika je imala zakonodavne skupštine, koje su imale poslednju reč u pogledu izbora sudija, donošenja novih statuta, sprovođenja smrtne kazne, objavom rata i mira i stvaranjem (ili raspuštanjem) saveza.^[11] Rimski senat je kontrolisao novac, administraciju i detalje spoljne politike.^[12]

Neki muslimanski naučnici tvrde da je islamska šura (metoda donošenja odluka u islamskim društvima) analogna parlamentu.^[13] Međutim, drugi naučnici (naročito iz Hizb ut-Tahrir) ističu ono što smatraju fundamentalnim razlikama između sistema šura i parlamentarnog sistema.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Nazivi za parlamente u svetu

Poljska - Parlament
(koga čine Sejm i Senat)
Češka - Parlament
(koga čine Poslanički dom i Senat)
Severna Makedonija - Sobranje
Island - Alting
Norveška - Storting
Danska - Folketing
Švedska - Riksdag
Izrael - Kneset
Ukrajina - Rada
Belorusija - Narodna skupština
(koju čine Poslanički dom i Savet Republike)
Iran - Medžlis
Španija - Kortes
SAD - Kongres
Rusija - Federalna skupština
(koju čine Državna duma i Savet Federacije)
Hrvatska - Sabor
Finska - Eduskunta
Albanija - Kuvendi
Nemačka - Bundestag
Švajcarska - Savezni skup
(koga čine Državni savet i Savet kantona)
Slovenija - Parlament
(koga čine Državni zbor i Državni savet)

Vidi još

Reference

^ Rush, Michael (2005). Parliament Today. Manchester University Press. str. 141. ISBN 9780719057953.
^ Political System Encyclopædia Britannica Online
^ Jacobsen, Thorkild (1943). „Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2 (3): 159—172. JSTOR 542482. S2CID 162148036. doi:10.1086/370672. .
^ Robinson, Eric W. (1997). The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06951-8.
^ Bailkey, Nels (1967). „Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development”. The American Historical Review. 72 (4): 1211—1236. JSTOR 1847791. doi:10.2307/1847791. .
^ Larsen, J. A. O. (1973). „Demokratia”. Classical Philology. 68 (1): 45—46. JSTOR 268788. S2CID 224791063. doi:10.1086/365921. .
^ de Sainte, C.G.E.M. (1981). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1442-3.
^ Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-202-0141-8.
^ Sharma, J.P. (1968). Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
^ John Dunn:Democracy: A History, p. 24
^ Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.
^ Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
^ „The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman”. alhewar.com.
^ The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam) by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2022), Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH – 2002 CE, p. 61
^ The System of Islam, by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2022), p. 39
^ „Shura and Democracy”. ijtihad.org.

Literatura

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Maddicott, John (2010). The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-958550-4.
Paul Brand. "Review of Maddicott, John Robert, _The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327_." in H-Albion, H-Net Reviews. September, 2011. online
Sayles, G. O. The King's Parliament of England (1974), brief survey
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Spoljašnje veze

The International Association of Business and Parliament (IABP) Scottish Scheme
Chisholm, Hugh, ur. (1911). „Parliament”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski) (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press.
United Kingdom Parliament

[1] Rush, Michael (2005). Parliament Today. Manchester University Press. str. 141. ISBN 9780719057953.

[2] Political System Encyclopædia Britannica Online

[3] Jacobsen, Thorkild (1943). „Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2 (3): 159—172. JSTOR 542482. S2CID 162148036. doi:10.1086/370672. .

[4] Robinson, Eric W. (1997). The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06951-8.

[5] Bailkey, Nels (1967). „Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development”. The American Historical Review. 72 (4): 1211—1236. JSTOR 1847791. doi:10.2307/1847791. .

[6] Larsen, J. A. O. (1973). „Demokratia”. Classical Philology. 68 (1): 45—46. JSTOR 268788. S2CID 224791063. doi:10.1086/365921. .

[7] Sainte, C.G.E.M. (1981). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1442-3.

[8] Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-202-0141-8.

[9] Sharma, J.P. (1968). Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.

[10] John Dunn:Democracy: A History, p. 24

[11] Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.

[12] Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.

[13] „The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman”. alhewar.com.

[14] The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam) by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2022), Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH – 2002 CE, p. 61

[15] The System of Islam, by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2022), p. 39

[16] „Shura and Democracy”. ijtihad.org.

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