Skiti
Skiti (iz stgrč. Σκύθης, Σκύθοι) ili Skićani, takođe poznati i kao Iskuza, Askuza, Saj ili Saka (iz stpers.; na stgrč. Σάκαι),[1][2] su bili nomadski narodi[3] i plemena iranskog porekla[4][5][6][7][8] koja su u 8. i 7. veku p. n.e. migrirala iz središnje Azije na područje čije je središte bila današnja Ukrajina, i gde su osnovali tzv. Skitsko kraljevstvo.[9][10][11][12] Skitija se protezala sve od Dunava na zapadu pa do granica Kine na istoku, a vladavina ovog naroda održala se negde do 2. veka p. n.e. Do kraja antike, Sarmati, narod njihovog porekla dominirao je zapadom Skitije. Veliki deo vrednih informacija o Skitima dolazi od grčkog istoričara Herodota (oko 440. p. n. e). Ime Skit se takođe koristilo za narode koji su živeli bilo gde na velikom prostoru današnje centralne Azije, Ukrajine i Rusije, prostor koji je do srednjovekovnih vremena bio poznat kao Skitija. Primer su Goti iz tih predela koje su takođe nazivali Skitima.
Jezik
urediSkitski jezik, zajedno sa jezikom Saka[13], pripada porodici indoevropskih jezika. Kao takav, skitski je klasifikovan kao grana iranskog jezika, ali mnoga plemena koja su živela na njihovoj velikoj teritoriji govorila su drugim jezikom.
Azijski skiti
uredi
Sake
urediStaropersijski i sanskrit izvori navode jedan plemenski narod istočnoiranskog porekla, koji je živeo na evroazijskim stepama.[14][15][16]
Istoričari su ove Skite izdvojili u relativno novije vreme, na osnovu debate o njihovom opisu kod starih antičkih pisaca, kao što su Herodot i Plinije Stariji i na vavilonskim pisanim pločama.[17] Istoimene Skite, ali sa različitim nazivima za njih (Saka, Šaka, Sek i Sakaj), poznavali su, osim Persijanaca i Grka, i Kinezi u regionima Taškenta, Fergane i Kašgara (današnji Uzbekistan). Ovi narodi su pripadali grupi skitsko-sarmatskih nomada sa severnih stepa,[18] koji su imali velikog uticaja u regionu. Bogate grobnice drevne Baktrije u Tadžikistanu i Tila Tepa u Avganistanu (poznato po arheološkom nalazu Baktrijskog zlata) potiču iz tog perioda i vezani su za narode Saka.[19]
Indoskiti
urediSkitsko-sarmatske Sake su u 2.–1. veku p. n. e. sa stepa migrirale prema Pakistanu i Indiji gde su takođe formirali grupu naroda poznatu kao Indoskiti.
Potiskivani od suparničkih Juečija (ili Darozi) oko 140. ili 130. p. n. e. napali su Sorgdijanu i Baktriju i odatle isterali Grke, a nakon toga, bežeći od Juečija krenuli ka jugu, osnivajući svoju državu Sakastan, kasniji persijski Sistan.[18]
Reference
uredi- ^ Jacobson 1995, str. 32.
- ^ Cunliffe 2019, str. 42.
- ^ Schmitt 2018.
- ^ Sulimirski 1985, str. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...]"
Melyukova 1990, str. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...]"
Melyukova 1990, str. 117: "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group [...]"
Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995, str. 91: "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science [...]" - ^ Jacobson 1995, str. 31–32: "Whatever their ultimate origins, by the time the Pontic Scythians settled in the region of the Black Sea, they almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"
Batty 2007, str. 205: "The original Scythians, as far as we can tell, were Iranian-speaking nomadic pastoralists." - ^ Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin [...]"
Dandamayev 1994, str. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." - ^ Harmatta 1996, str. 181: "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples."
Sulimirski 1985, str. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" [...]" - ^ West 2002, str. 437–440: "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"
Rolle 1989, str. 56: "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples."
Rostovtzeff 1922, str. 13: "The Scythian kingdom [...] was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves."
Minns 1913, str. 36: "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian." - ^ Sinor 1990, str. 97.
- ^ Bonfante 2011, str. 110.
- ^ Sinor 1990, str. 97 Iranian-speaking tribes
- ^ West 2009, str. 713–717
- ^ Bailey, H. W. (1958): "Languages of the Saka." Handbuch der Orientalistik, I. Abt., 4. Bd., I. Absch., Leiden-Köln, 1958.
- ^ West 2009.
- ^ „Scythian”. Online Enciklopedija Britanika. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 05. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 18. 1. 2015.
- ^ P. Lurje, “Yārkand”, Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
- ^ George Rawlinson, noted in his translation of History of Herodotus, Book VII. p. 378
- ^ a b Grousset 1970, str. 29–31
- ^ Lebedynsky, Yaroslav (2006): Les Saces: Les <<Scythes>> d'Asie, VIIIe av. J.-C.-IVe siècle apr. J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris. ISBN 978-2-87772-337-4.; pp. 84 (jezik: francuski)
Literatura
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