Prvi princip termodinamike
Prvi princip termodinamike je varijanta univerzalnog zakona fizike o očuvanju energije. Prvi princip termodinamike glasi: povećanje unutrašnje energije zatvorenog termodinamičkog sistema jednaka je toplotnoj energiji dodatoj sistemu minus izvršen rad sistema. Ili jednostavnije rečeno ukupna dovedena energija nekom sistemu troši se na izvršeni rad i na povećanje unutrašnje energije sistema.
Ovaj princip se matematički izražava formulom:[1]
- je promena unutrašnje energije sistema.
- je deo energije koji odgovara izvršenom radu sistema u odnosu na okolinu.
- je količina toplotne energije.
Postoji više mogućih vrsta rada: rad sila pritiska, rad električnih sila u hemijskoj bateriji, rad elektromagnetnih sila, itd.
Ako se radi o mehaničkom radu pod silama pritiska, kao što je slučaj u klasičnoj termodinamici, izraz za priraštaj toplotne energije sistema glasi:
Znak - označava da se sistem širi (dV > 0 ), a rad vrše spoljašnje sile.
- je spoljašnji pritisak
- je minimalni priraštaj zapremine
Istorija
urediU prvoj polovini osamnaestog veka, francuski filozof i matematičar Emili di Šatle dala je značajan doprinos nastajanju teorijskog okvira energije predlažući oblik zakona očuvanja energije koji priznaje uključivanje kinetičke energije.[2][3] Empirijski razvoj prvih ideja, u narednom veku, borio se sa kontradiktornim konceptima kao što je kalorijska teorija toplote.
Germejn Hes je 1840. godine objavio zakon očuvanja (Hesov zakon[4][5]) za toplotu reakcije tokom hemijskih transformacija.[6] Ovaj zakon je kasnije prepoznat kao posledica prvog zakona termodinamike, mada se Hesova izjava se nije eksplicitno bavila odnosom između razmene energije toplotom i radom.
Godine 1842, Julius Robert fon Majer dao je iskaz koji je zatim Kliford Trusdel (1980) izrazio tvrdnjom da se „u procesu pod konstantnim pritiskom, toplota koja se koristi za širenje može univerzalno izmenjivati sa radom”, međutim to nije opšti iskaz prvog zakona.[7][8]
Prve potpune izjave o zakonu došle su 1850. od Rudolfa Klauzijusa,[9][10] i od Vilijama Rankina. Neki naučnici smatraju Rankinovu izjavu manje izrazitom od Klauzijusove.[9]
Originalne izjave: „termodinamički pristup“
urediOriginalni iskazi prvog zakona termodinamike iz 19. veka pojavili su se u konceptualnom okviru u kome je prenos energije kao toplote uzet kao primitivan pojam, koji nije definisan ili konstruisan teorijskim razvojem okvira, već pretpostavljen kao i ranije i već prihvaćen. Primitivni pojam toplote uzet je kao empirijski uspostavljen, posebno putem kalorimetrije koja se smatra subjektom sama po sebi, pre termodinamike. Zajedno sa ovim pojmom toplote primitivni su bili pojmovi empirijske temperature i toplotne ravnoteže. Ovaj okvir je takođe uzeo kao primitivan pojam prenos energije kao rada. Ovaj okvir nije pretpostavljao koncept energije uopšte, već ga je smatrao izvedenim ili sintetisanim iz prethodnih pojmova toplote i rada. Jedan autor je ovaj okvir nazvao „termodinamičkim“ pristupom.[10]
Prvi eksplicitni iskaz prvog zakona termodinamike, Rudolfa Klauzijusa 1850. godine, odnosio se na ciklične termodinamičke procese.
- U svim slučajevima u kojima rad proizvodi iz toplotne, troši se količina toplote koja je proporcionalna obavljenom poslu; i obrnuto, trošenjem date količine rada proizvodi se jednaka količina toplote.[11]
Klauzijus je takođe izneo zakon u drugom obliku, pozivajući se na postojanje funkcije stanja sistema, unutrašnje energije, i izrazio ga u vidu diferencijalne jednačine za priraste termodinamičkog procesa.[12] Ova jednačina se može opisati na sledeći način:
- U termodinamičkom procesu koji uključuje zatvoreni sistem, prirast unutrašnje energije jednak je razlici između toplote koju sistem akumulira i njegovog rada.
Vidi još
urediReference
uredi- ^ Mandl 1988
- ^ Hagengruber, Ruth, editor (2011) Émilie du Chatelet between Leibniz and Newton. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-2074-9
- ^ Arianrhod, Robyn (2012). Seduced by logic : Émilie du Châtelet, Mary Somerville, and the Newtonian revolution (US izd.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-993161-3.
- ^ Krishnamurthy, Mannam; Subba Rao Naidu (2012). „7”. Ur.: Lokeswara Gupta. Chemistry for ISEET - Volume 1, Part A (2012 izd.). Hyderabad, India: Varsity Education Management Limited. str. 244.
- ^ „Hess' Law - Conservation of Energy”. University of Waterloo. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 1. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 12. 1. 2014.
- ^ Hess, H. (1840). „Thermochemische Untersuchungen”. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 126 (6): 385—404. Bibcode:1840AnP...126..385H. doi:10.1002/andp.18401260620. hdl:2027/hvd.hxdhbq .
- ^ Truesdell, C. A. (1980), pp. 157–158.
- ^ Mayer, Robert (1841). Paper: 'Remarks on the Forces of Nature"; as quoted in: Lehninger, A. (1971). Bioenergetics – the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations, 2nd. Ed. London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
- ^ a b Truesdell, C. A. (1980).
- ^ a b Bailyn, M. (1994), p. 79.
- ^ Clausius, R. (1850), page 373, translation here taken from Truesdell, C. A. (1980), pp. 188–189.
- ^ Clausius, R. (1850), p. 384, equation (IIa.).
Literatura
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- MISN-0-158, The First Law of Thermodynamics (PDF file) by Jerzy Borysowicz for Project PHYSNET.
- First law of thermodynamics in the MIT Course Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion from Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky