Oblakoder

Oblakoder ili neboder (takođe soliter, kula), vrlo je visoka zgrada prikladna za stalno stanovanje. Savremeni izvori trenutno definišu nebodere kao zgrade sa najmanje 100 metara ili 150 metara u visini, iako ne postoji univerzalno prihvaćena definicija. Neboderi su vrlo visoke zgrade. Istorijski gledano, termin se prvi put odnosio na zgrade sa između 10 i 20 spratova kada su ove vrste zgrada počele da se grade tokom 1880-ih godina. Neboderi mogu sadržati kancelarije, hotele, stambene prostore i maloprodajne prostore.

Izgrađen 2009, Burdž Kalifa u Dubaiju (UAE) trenutno je najviši izgrađeni neboder na svetu, visok 829,8 m;
ima osobinu tipičnu za nebodere: obrnuta stepenastost

Prema podacima iz januara 2020, samo devet gradova u svetu ima više od 100 nebodera koji su 150 m (492 ft) ili viši: Hongkong (355), Šendžen (289), Njujork (284), Dubai (201), Šangaj (163), Tokio (158), Mumbaj (151), Čikago (127), Čungking (127) i Guangdžou (118).

Etimologija

Naziv oblakoder u arhitekturi prvi put se upotrebljava krajem 19. veka, kad se tako visoke zgrade prvi put pojavljuju u Njujorku. Istoričari arhitekture kasnije menjaju tačnu definiciju na osnovu razvijanja inženjerstva u 1880-im godinama, koje je omogućilo izgradnju ogromnih višespratnica.

Reč oblakoder je složenica sa dve reči: oblak i der (dera[ti], dira[ti]). Ovo znači da se radi o nečemu izrazito visokom, što „dira” oblake/nebo. U engleskom jeziku (engl. skyscraper) reč je reč nastala u 18. veku (1794) i prvobitno je označavala najviši jarbol (nosač jedra) na brodu. Kasnije se odnosila na sve što je visoko i dodiruje nebo, da bi tako stigla i odomaćila se u arhitekturi.

Galerija

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  Tajpej 101
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  Kule Petronas
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  Sirs tauer
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  Komercbank tauer
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  Kula Banke Kine i Čangđang đituan džungsin
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  Terning torso

Literatura

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• Willis, Carol, Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago. Princeton Architectural Press, 1995. 224 P. ISBN 1-56898-044-2
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• Walter, Richard J. (1993). Politics and Urban Growth in Buenos Aires, 1910–1942. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521530651. 
• Watkin, David (2005). A History of Western Architecture (4th izd.). London, UK: Lawrence King Publishing. ISBN 9781856694599. 
• Willis, Carol (1995). Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago. New York, UK: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568980447. 
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Spoljašnje veze

• Oblakoderi na sajtu Curlie (jezik: engleski)
• Muzej oblakodera
• Skyscrapers na sajtu Curlie (jezik: engleski)
• Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
• SkyscraperCity construction updates magazine
• Skyscraper definition on Phorio Standards
• SkyscraperPage Technical information and diagrams