Meditacija
Meditacija je smireno stanje organizma sa glavnim ciljem umirivanja i opuštanja uma ili tzv. „nerazmišljanja“. U religiji, posebno u drevnim religijama Istoka, duhovna disciplina i veština koncentracije na unutrašnja, mentalna stanja, na izazivanje vizija, prosvetljenja i mističnog doživljaja stapanja sa Bogom ili onostranim svetom. Kao tehnika psihološke relaksacije meditacija se praktikuje u okviru različitih mentalno-higijenskih programa koji su usmereni ka neutralizaciji posledica stresnog života savremenog čoveka. Najpoznatiji oblik meditacije je joga. Reč meditacija dolazi od latinske reči meditatio, što je označavalo bilo koju vrstu fizičke i intelektualne vežbe, a kasnije je za tu vrstu prakse počeo da se upotrebljava termin kontemplacija.
Meditacija je praksa u kojoj pojedinac koristi tehniku - kao što je svesnost, ili fokusiranje uma na određeni predmet, misao ili aktivnost - za obučavanje pažnje i svesti, i postizanje mentalno jasnog i emocionalno mirnog i stabilnog stanja.[1]:228–29[2]:180[3]:415[4]:107[5][6] Naučnici su ustanovili da je meditaciju teško definisati, jer se prakse razlikuju i između tradicija i unutar njih.
Meditacija se praktikuje u brojnim religijskim tradicijama. Najraniji zapisi o meditaciji (džijana) nalaze se u drevnim hinduističkim tekstovima poznatim kao Vede, i meditacija igra istaknutu ulogu u kontemplativnom repertoaru hinduizma i budizma.[7] Od 19. veka, azijske meditativne tehnike proširile su se i na druge kulture gde su takođe pronašle primenu u neduhovnim kontekstima, kao što su posao i zdravlje.
Meditacija može značajno smanjiti stres, anksioznost, depresiju i bol[8] i poboljšati mir, percepciju,[9] samopoimanje i blagostanje.[10][11][12][13] U toku su istraživanja kako bi se bolje razumeli efekti meditacije na zdravlje (psihološko, neurološko i kardiovaskularno) i druga područja.
Meditacija u savremenoj psihologiji
urediU savremenoj psihologiji pojam meditacija ima značenje posebnog postupka ili tehnike kojom se dolazi do izmenjenog stanja svesti. U okviru joge i zen-budizma nastali su različiti postupci meditacije, povezani sa određenim filozofskim i religioznim gledištima. Jedan od najrasprostranjenijih oblika meditacije je transcendentalna meditacija. Reč je o obliku joga-meditacije prilagođene shvatanjima, karakteru i navikama čoveka zapadne civilizacije. Transcendentalna meditacija ne pretpostavlja nikakvo filozofsko ili religiozno uverenje i uči se veoma brzo. Postupak transcendentalne meditacije u knjigama nije detaljno opisan jer podrazumeva da se on mora naučiti usmeno od učitelja. U glavnim crtama se sastoji u konstantnom ponavljanju mantre i usmerenosti celokupne pažnje na nju. Meditacijom na ovaj način se dovodi u stanje prazne ili čiste svesti, svesti bez konkretnih sadržaja. To stanje prazne svesti je stanje bez uznemirujućih misli zbog čega je moguće psihičko opuštanje i spokojstvo. Istraživanja su pokazala da se u toku transcendentalne meditacije organizam zaista duboko odmara. Mišići su opušteni, puls umiren, krvni pritisak spušten, bazalni metabolizam manji nego u snu i slično.
Meditacije moći
urediPod ovu vrstu meditacije spadaju meditacije za otvaranje čakri, kundalini energiju i slično.
Neke od poznatijih verskih grupacija koji praktikuju ovakve meditacije su Hinduisti[14] i Spiritualni Satanisti.[15] Prema verovanjima Spiritualnih Satanista, tehnike i znanja o ovakvim meditacijama su čovečanstvu data direktno od Demona, koje oni nazivaju originalnim paganskim Bogovima.[16]
Reference
uredi- ^ Walsh, Roger; Shapiro, Shauna L. (2006). „The meeting of meditative disciplines and western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue”. American Psychologist. 61 (3): 227—239. PMID 16594839. S2CID 3015768. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.227.
- ^ Cahn, B. Rael; Polich, John (2006). „Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies”. Psychological Bulletin. 132 (2): 180—211. PMID 16536641. S2CID 2151810. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180.
- ^ Jevning, R.; Wallace, R.K.; Beidebach, M. (septembar 1992). „The physiology of meditation: A review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response”. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 16 (3): 415—424. PMID 1528528. S2CID 2650109. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80210-6.
- ^ Goleman, Daniel (1988). The meditative mind: The varieties of meditative experience. New York: Tarcher. ISBN 978-0-87477-833-5.
- ^ „Definition of meditate”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 18. 12. 2017. Pristupljeno 25. 12. 2017.
- ^ „meditate”. Oxford Dictionaries – English. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 05. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 08. 08. 2021.
- ^ Dhavamony, Mariasusai (1982). Classical Hinduism (na jeziku: engleski). Università Gregoriana Editrice. str. 243. ISBN 978-88-7652-482-0.
- ^ Hölzel, Britta K.; Lazar, Sara W.; Gard, Tim; Schuman-Olivier, Zev; Vago, David R.; Ott, Ulrich (novembar 2011). „How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective”. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 6 (6): 537—559. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 26168376. S2CID 2218023. doi:10.1177/1745691611419671.
- ^ „The Dalai Lama explains how to practice meditation properly”. 3. 5. 2017.
- ^ „Meditation: In Depth”. NCCIH.
- ^ Goyal, M.; Singh, S.; Sibinga, E. M.; Gould, N. F.; Rowland-Seymour, A.; Sharma, R.; Berger, Z.; Sleicher, D.; Maron, D. D.; Shihab, H. M.; Ranasinghe, P. D.; Linn, S.; Saha, S.; Bass, E. B.; Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2014). „Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (3): 357—368. PMC 4142584
. PMID 24395196. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.
- ^ Shaner, Lynne; Kelly, Lisa; Rockwell, Donna; Curtis, Devorah (2016). „Calm Abiding”. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 57: 98. S2CID 148410605. doi:10.1177/0022167815594556.
- ^ Campos, Daniel; Cebolla, Ausiàs; Quero, Soledad; Bretón-López, Juana; Botella, Cristina; Soler, Joaquim; García-Campayo, Javier; Demarzo, Marcelo; Baños, Rosa María (2016). „Meditation and happiness: Mindfulness and self-compassion may mediate the meditation–happiness relationship” (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences. 93: 80—85. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.040. hdl:10234/157867 .[mrtva veza]
- ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/eastern-religions/hinduism/kundalini. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć) - ^ „Important Information Concerning Power Meditation”.
- ^ „Energy of the Soul”.
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uredi- Ovaj članak ili njegov deo izvorno je preuzet iz Rečnika socijalnog rada Ivana Vidanovića uz odobrenje autora.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi
- Vrste i smisao meditacije
- Vodič kroz Meditaciju
- Meditation na sajtu Curlie (jezik: engleski)
- Meditation at Encyclopædia Britannica