Ištar
Ištar je u Sumeru obožavana još od doba Uruka (4000. godine pre nove ere - 3100. godine pre Hrista), ali broj njenih vernika nije bio velik pre osvajanja Sargona Velikog. Nakon ovih osvajanja, postala je jedno od najznačajnijih božanstava u sumerskom panteonu, [1] [2] sa hramovima širom Mesopotamije. Posebno su je voleli Asirci, postala je najznačajnije božanstvo u njihovom panteonu, iznad njihovog nacionalnog božanstva Ašura. Ištar se spominje i u hebrejskoj Bibliji, snažno je uticala na feničansku boginju Astartu, koja je kasnije uticala na grčku boginju Afroditu . Njen kult nastavio je da cveta sve do prvog i šestog veka nove ere kada je njen značaj opao u jeku hrišćanstva, iako je opstao u delovima Gornje Mesopotamije sve do osamnaestog veka.
Ištar se pojavljuje u više mitova nego bilo koje drugo sumersko božanstvo. U standardnoj akadskoj verziji Epa o Gilgamešu, Ištar traži da Gilgameš postane njen suprug. Kada je on odbije, ona oslobodi Nebeskog bika, što dovodi do smrti Enkidua i navodi Gilgameša da se suoči sa svojom smrtnošću.
Najpoznatiji mit Inane-Ištar je priča o njenom silasku i povratku iz Kur-a, drevnog sumerskog podzemlja, u kojem pokušava da osvoji domen svoje starije sestre Ereškigal, kraljice podzemlja.
Etimologija
urediInana i Ištar bile su prvobitno odvojena, nepovezana božanstva[3][4][5][6][7], ali su poistovećene jedna sa drugom za vreme vladavine Sargona Akadskog i smatrane su efektivno istom boginjom pod dva različita imena. Poreklo imena Inana može može biti sumerska fraza nin-an-ak, što znači "Nebeska dama".
Poreklo i razvoj
urediInana je predstavljala problem za proučavanje mnogim učenjacima zbog činjenice da njena sfera moći sadrži više kontradiktornih aspekata nego bilo koje drugo božanstvo. Predložene su dve glavne teorije o njenom poreklu. [8] Prvo objašnjenje kaže da je Inana rezultat sinkretizma između nekoliko prethodno nepovezanih sumerskih božanstava. [8] Drugo objašnjenje kaže da je Inana izvorno semitsko božanstvo i da je dodata u sumerski panteon gde je preuzela sve uloge koje još nisu bile dodeljene drugim božanstvima. [9]
Obožavanje
urediPre Sargonske ere, Inana praktično nije imala kult, [4] ali je posle Sargonove vladavine brzo postala značajno božanstavo sumerskog panteona. [4] [11] [12] [2] Bili su joj posvećeni hramovi u Nipuru, Lagaš i Ur, [4] A glavni centar kulta bio je Eana hram u Uruku, [4] [13] [14] [a] čije ime znači "Kuća neba". Kasnije su je naročito obožavali u gornje Mesopotamijskom kraljevstvu Asirije (moderni severni Irak, severoistok Sirije i jugoistok Turske), posebno u gradovima Nineveh, Ašur i Arbela. [15] Tokom vladavine asirskog kralja Assurbanipal-a, Ištar je najvažnije božanstvo u asirskom panteonu, nadmašivši čak i asirskog nacionalnog boga Ašura. [16]
Ikonografija
urediSimboli
urediInana-Ištarin najčešći simbol bila je osmokraka zvezda [17] mada tačan broj krakova ponekad varira. [18] Šestokrake zvezde se takođe često javljaju, ali njihovo simbolično značenje nije poznato. [19]
Inana-Ištar bila je povezana i sa lavovima [20] [21] koje su u drevnoj Mesopotamiji smatrali simbolom moći. [20] Njene asocijacije sa lavovima počele su tokom sumerskih vremena; [21] posuda sa hloritom iz hrama Inana u Nipuru, prikazuje veliku mačku koja se bori protiv džinovske zmije, a na kuglastom natpisu piše "Inana i zmija", što ukazuje da mačka treba da predstavlja boginju. [21] Tokom Akadijskog perioda, Ištar se često prikazivao kao teško naoružana boginja ratnika, sa lavom kao jednim od njenih atributa. [22]
Golubovi su takođe bili istaknuti životinjski simboli povezani sa Inana-Ištar. [23] [24] Golubovi su prikazani na kultnim objektima povezanim sa Inanom već početkom trećeg milenijuma pre naše ere. [24] Figurine olovnih golubica otkrivene su u hramu posvećenom Ištar u Ašuru, i datiraju iz trinaestog veka pre nove ere [24].
Ličnost
urediSumeri su obožavali Inanu kao boginju i rata ali i plodnosti. [5] Za razliku od drugih bogova, čije su uloge bile statične, priče o Inani opisuju je u brojnim pohodima. [26] [27] Prikazana je kao mlada i impulsivna. [26] [27]
Iako su je obožavali kao boginju ljubavi, Inana nije bila boginja braka, niti je na nju ikada gledano kao na boginju majku. [28] U Inaninom spuštanju u podzemni svet, Inana prema svom ljubavniku Dumuzidu postupa bezobzirno. [28] Ovaj aspekt Inanine ličnosti naglašen je u kasnijoj standardnoj akadskoj verziji Epa o Gilgamešu u kojoj Gilgameš ukazuje na Ištarin loš način ophođenja prema sopstvenim ljubavnicima.
Inana je takođe obožavana kao jedno od sumerskih ratnih božanstava. [13] [29] Jedna od njenih himni izjavljuje: "Ona podstiče zbunjenost i haos prema onima koji su joj neposlušni, ubrzavajući pokolj i podstičući razornu poplavu, obučenu u zastrašujuće zračenje. To je njena igra da ubrza sukob i bitku, neumorna., vezanje sandala."[30] Sama bitka se ponekad nazivala „plesom Inane“. [31]
Kasniji mitovi
urediEp o Gilgamešu
urediU akadskom Epu o Gilgamešu, Ištar se pojavljuje nakon što su se Gilgameš i njegov drug Enkidu vratili u Uruk i zahteva da Gilgameš postane njen suprug. [33] Gilgameš je odbija, ističući kako nije dobro tretirala svoje prethodne ljubavnike. [33]
Razbešnjena Gilgameševim odbijanjem, [33] Ištar odlazi na nebo i govori svom ocu Anu da ju je Gilgameš uvredio. [33] Anu je pita zašto se žali njemu umesto da se sama suprotstavi Gilgamešu. [33] Ištar traži da joj Anu preda Nebeskog bika [33] i zakune se da će, u suprotnom, „provaliti vrata pakla."
Anu daje Ištar Nebeskog bika, a Ištar ga šalje da napadne Gilgameša i njegovog prijatelja Enkidua . [32] [34] Gilgameš i Enkidu ubijaju Bika i prinose njegovo srce bogu sunca Šamašu. [35] [34] Dok se Gilgameš i Enkidu odmaraju, Ištar staje na zidove Uruka i proklinje Gilgameša. [35] [36] Enkidu otrgne Bikovu desnu nogu i baci je u Ištarino lice (Enkidu kasnije umre zbog tog izliva besa.) [36] Ishtar zajedno saziva "kurtizane, prostitutke i bludnice" [35] i naređuje im da tuguju za Bikom Nebeskim. [35] [36] U međuvremenu, Gilgameš održava proslavu zbog pobede. [37] [36]
Kasnije u epu, Utnapištim pripoveda Gilgamešu o velikom potopu [38] koji je poslao bog Enlil da uništi sav život na zemlji, jer su ljudi, pravili previše buke i sprečavali ga da spava. [39] Utnapištim govori o tome kako je, kad je došlo do potopa, Ištar plakala i tugovala zbog uništenja čovečanstva, zajedno sa Anunakijem . [40] Kasnije, nakon što je poplava opala, Utnapištim prinosi dar bogovima. [41] Ištar se pojavljuje pred Utnapištimom noseći ogrlicu od lapis lazula s perlama u obliku insekata i govori mu da Enlil nikada nije razgovarao o poplavi s bilo kojim drugim bogom. [42] Ona mu se zaklinje da nikada neće dozvoliti da Enlil izazove još jedan potop [42] a svoju ogrlicu proglašava znakom zakletve. [42] Ištar poziva sve bogove, osim Enlila, da se okupe oko prinosa i uživaju. [43]
Napomene
urediReference
uredi- ^ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, str. xviii.
- ^ a b Nemet-Nejat 1998, str. 182.
- ^ Mark 2011.
- ^ a b v g d Leick 1998, str. 87.
- ^ a b Black & Green 1992, str. 108.
- ^ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, str. xviii, xv.
- ^ Collins 1994, str. 110–111.
- ^ a b Vanstiphout 1984, str. 228.
- ^ Vanstiphout 1984, str. 228–229.
- ^ Piveteau 1981, str. 16–17.
- ^ Kramer 1961, str. 101.
- ^ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, str. xiii–xix.
- ^ a b Black & Green 1992, str. 108–109.
- ^ Harris 1991, str. 261–278.
- ^ Guirand 1968, str. 58.
- ^ Black & Green 1992, str. 99.
- ^ Black & Green 1992, str. 156, 169–170.
- ^ Liungman 2004, str. 228.
- ^ Black & Green 1992, str. 170.
- ^ a b Black & Green 1992, str. 118.
- ^ a b v Collins 1994, str. 113–114.
- ^ Black & Green 1992, str. 119.
- ^ Lewis & Llewellyn-Jones 2018, str. 335.
- ^ a b v Botterweck & Ringgren 1990, str. 35.
- ^ Wolkstein & Kramer 1983, str. 92, 193.
- ^ a b Vanstiphout 1984, str. 225–228.
- ^ a b Penglase 1994, str. 15–17.
- ^ a b Black & Green 1992, str. 108–9.
- ^ Vanstiphout 1984, str. 226–227.
- ^ Enheduanna pre 2250 BCE „A hymn to Inana (Inana C)”. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2003. lines 18–28. 4.07.3.
- ^ Vanstiphout 1984, str. 227.
- ^ a b Dalley 1989, str. 81–82.
- ^ a b v g d đ Dalley 1989, str. 80.
- ^ a b Fontenrose 1980, str. 168–169.
- ^ a b v g Dalley 1989, str. 82.
- ^ a b v g Fontenrose 1980, str. 169.
- ^ Dalley 1989, str. 82-83.
- ^ Dalley 1989, str. 109–116.
- ^ Dalley 1989, str. 109–111.
- ^ Dalley 1989, str. 113.
- ^ Dalley 1989, str. 114.
- ^ a b v Dalley 1989, str. 114–115.
- ^ Dalley 1989, str. 115.
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