Beznogi vodozemci

Beznogi vodozemci; Vremenski raspon: ; kasni trijas — danas, 199.6–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	"Caecilian"
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Amphibia
Potklasa:	Lissamphibia
Red:	Gymnophiona; Müller, 1832
Podgrupe
	†Eocaecilia; †Rubricacaecilia; Apoda;
Sinonimi
	Gymnophia Rafinesque, 1814

Beznogi vodozemci (lat. Gymnophiona) su jedan od tri reda vodozemaca. Najpoznatiji predstavnik ovog reda je cecilija (tropski, crvoliki vodozemac). Najveći deo života provodi ispod zemlje. Imaju redukovan rep, koža im je glatka i najčešće tamna, dok postoje i vrste sa šarenom kožom. Od svih ostalih vodozemaca se razlikuju po tome što ispod kože imaju koštane ploče. Oči su im male i prekrivene tankom opnom zbog zaštite od zemlje. Pre se smatralo da su ove životinje slepe, ali se danas zna da mogu da razlikuju svetlost i tamu. Imaju čulo mirisa i nos. Imaju pluća, ali dišu preko kože i usta. Levo plućno krilo je manje od desnog, jer se prilagođava obliku tela. Na sličnu pojavu nailazimo i kod zmija.

Ove životinje žive u tropskim predelima i hrane se uglavnom insektima. Kod većine se sreće viviparija, dok neke polažu jaja koja čuva ženka. Kod nekih vrsta postoji faza larve, a kod nekih odsustvuje.

Filogenija

Najnovija filogenija beznožaca zasniva se na molekularnim mitogenomskim dokazima koje su ispitali San Mauro i sar. (2014).^[3]

Gymnophiona

†Eocaecilia micropodia

†Rubricacaecilia monbaroni

Teresomata

	Chikilidae

	Herpelidae

	Caeciliidae

	Typhlonectidae

Indotyphlidae

	Dermophiidae

	Siphonopidae

Taksonomija

Rodovi

Atretochoana Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1995
Boulengerula Tornier, 1896
Brasilotyphlus Taylor, 1968
Caecilia Linnaeus, 1758
Chikila Kamei, San Mauro, Gower, Van Bocxlaer, Sherratt, Thomas, Babu, Bossuyt, Wilkinson and Biju, 2012
Chthonerpeton Peters, 1880
Crotaphatrema Nussbaum, 1985
Dermophis Peters, 1880
Epicrionops Boulenger, 1883
Gegeneophis Peters, 1880
Geotrypetes Peters, 1880
Grandisonia Taylor, 1968
Gymnopis Peters, 1874
Herpele Peters, 1880
Hypogeophis Peters, 1880
Ichthyophis Fitzinger, 1826
Idiocranium Parker, 1936
Indotyphlus Taylor, 1960
Luetkenotyphlus Taylor, 1968
Microcaecilia Taylor, 1968
Mimosiphonops Taylor, 1968
Nectocaecilia Taylor, 1968
Oscaecilia Taylor, 1968
Potamotyphlus Taylor, 1968
Praslinia Boulenger, 1909
Rhinatrema Duméril and Bibron, 1841
Schistometopum Parker, 1941
Scolecomorphus Boulenger, 1883
Siphonops Wagler, 1828
Sylvacaecilia Wake, 1987
Typhlonectes Peters, 1880
Uraeotyphlus Peters, 1880

Vrste

Atretochoana eiselti (Taylor, 1968)
Boulengerula boulengeri Tornier, 1896
Boulengerula changamwensis Loveridge, 1932
Boulengerula denhardti Nieden, 1912
Boulengerula fischeri Nussbaum and Hinkel, 1994
Boulengerula niedeni Müller, Measey, Loader and Malonza, 2005
Boulengerula spawlsi Wilkinson, Malonza, Campbell and Loader, 2017
Boulengerula taitana Loveridge, 1935
Boulengerula uluguruensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1928
Brasilotyphlus braziliensis (Dunn, 1945)
Brasilotyphlus dubium Correia, Nunes, Gamble, Maciel, Marques-Souza, Fouquet, Rodrigues and Mott, 2018
Brasilotyphlus guarantanus Maciel, Mott and Hoogmoed, 2009
Caecilia abitaguae Dunn, 1942
Caecilia albiventris Daudin, 1803
Caecilia antioquiaensis Taylor, 1968
Caecilia armata Dunn, 1942
Caecilia attenuata Taylor, 1968
Caecilia bokermanni Taylor, 1968
Caecilia caribea Dunn, 1942
Caecilia corpulenta Taylor, 1968
Caecilia crassisquama Taylor, 1968
Caecilia degenerata Dunn, 1942
Caecilia disossea Taylor, 1968
Caecilia dunni Hershkovitz, 1938
Caecilia flavopunctata Roze and Solano, 1963
Caecilia gracilis Shaw, 1802
Caecilia guntheri Dunn, 1942
Caecilia inca Taylor, 1973
Caecilia isthmica Cope, 1877
Caecilia leucocephala Taylor, 1968
Caecilia marcusi Wake, 1985
Caecilia mertensi Taylor, 1973
Caecilia museugoeldi Maciel and Hoogmoed, 2018
Caecilia nigricans Boulenger, 1902
Caecilia occidentalis Taylor, 1968
Caecilia orientalis Taylor, 1968
Caecilia pachynema Günther, 1859
Caecilia perdita Taylor, 1968
Caecilia pressula Taylor, 1968
Caecilia subdermalis Taylor, 1968
Caecilia subnigricans Dunn, 1942
Caecilia subterminalis Taylor, 1968
Caecilia tentaculata Linnaeus, 1758
Caecilia tenuissima Taylor, 1973
Caecilia thompsoni Boulenger, 1902
Caecilia volcani Taylor, 1969
Chikila alcocki Kamei, Gower, Wilkinson and Biju, 2013
Chikila darlong Kamei, Gower, Wilkinson and Biju, 2013
Chikila fulleri (Alcock, 1904)
Chikila gaiduwani Kamei, Gower, Wilkinson and Biju, 2013
Chthonerpeton arii Cascon and Lima-Verde, 1994
Chthonerpeton braestrupi Taylor, 1968
Chthonerpeton exile Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1987
Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862)
Chthonerpeton noctinectes Silva, Britto-Pereira and Caramaschi, 2003
Chthonerpeton onorei Nussbaum, 1986
Chthonerpeton perissodus Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1987
Chthonerpeton tremembe Maciel, Leite, Silva-Leite, Leite and Cascon, 2015
Chthonerpeton viviparum Parker and Wettstein, 1929
Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri (Werner, 1899)
Crotaphatrema lamottei (Nussbaum, 1981)
Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis Lawson, 2000
Dermophis costaricense Taylor, 1955
Dermophis glandulosus Taylor, 1955
Dermophis gracilior Günther, 1902
Dermophis mexicanus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)
Dermophis oaxacae (Mertens, 1930)
Dermophis occidentalis Taylor, 1955
Dermophis parviceps (Dunn, 1924)
Epicrionops bicolor Boulenger, 1883
Epicrionops columbianus (Rendahl and Vestergren, 1939)
Epicrionops lativittatus Taylor, 1968
Epicrionops marmoratus Taylor, 1968
Epicrionops parkeri (Dunn, 1942)
Epicrionops peruvianus (Boulenger, 1902)
Epicrionops petersi Taylor, 1968
Gegeneophis carnosus (Beddome, 1870)
Gegeneophis danieli Giri, Wilkinson and Gower, 2003
Gegeneophis goaensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, 2007
Gegeneophis krishni Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999
Gegeneophis madhavai Bhatta and Srinivasa, 2004
Gegeneophis mhadeiensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, 2007
Gegeneophis orientalis Agarwal, Wilkinson, Mohapatra, Dutta, Giri and Gower, 2013
Gegeneophis pareshi Giri, Gower, Gaikwad and Wilkinson, 2011
Gegeneophis primus Kotharambath, Gower, Oommen and Wilkinson, 2012
Gegeneophis ramaswamii Taylor, 1964
Gegeneophis seshachari Ravichandran, Gower and Wilkinson, 2003
Gegeneophis tejaswini Kotharambath, Wilkinson, Oommen and Gower, 2015
Geotrypetes angeli Parker, 1936
Geotrypetes pseudoangeli Taylor, 1968
Geotrypetes seraphini (Duméril, 1859)
Grandisonia alternans (Stejneger, 1893)
Grandisonia larvata (Ahl, 1934)
Grandisonia sechellensis (Boulenger, 1911)
Gymnopis multiplicata Peters, 1874
Gymnopis syntrema (Cope, 1866)
Herpele multiplicata Nieden, 1912
Herpele squalostoma (Stutchbury, 1836)
Hypogeophis brevis Boulenger, 1911
Hypogeophis montanus Maddock, Wilkinson and Gower, 2018
Hypogeophis pti Maddock, Wilkinson, Nussbaum and Gower, 2017
Hypogeophis rostratus (Cuvier, 1829)
Ichthyophis acuminatus Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis alfredi Mathew and Sen, 2009
Ichthyophis asplenius Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis atricollaris Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis bannanicus Yang, 1984
Ichthyophis beddomei Peters, 1880
Ichthyophis bernisi Salvador, 1975
Ichthyophis biangularis Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis billitonensis Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis cardamomensis Geissler, Poyarkov, Grismer, Nguyen, An, Neang, Kupfer, Ziegler, Böhme and Müller, 2015
Ichthyophis catlocensis Geissler, Poyarkov, Grismer, Nguyen, An, Neang, Kupfer, Ziegler, Böhme and Müller, 2015
Ichthyophis chaloensis Geissler, Poyarkov, Grismer, Nguyen, An, Neang, Kupfer, Ziegler, Böhme and Müller, 2015
Ichthyophis daribokensis Mathew and Sen, 2009
Ichthyophis davidi Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth, Kulkarni and Radhakrishnan, 2011
Ichthyophis dulitensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis elongatus Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis garoensis Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999
Ichthyophis glandulosus Taylor, 1923
Ichthyophis glutinosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ichthyophis humphreyi Taylor, 1973
Ichthyophis hypocyaneus (Van Hasselt in Boie, 1827)
Ichthyophis javanicus Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis khumhzi Kamei, Wilkinson, Gower and Biju, 2009
Ichthyophis kodaguensis Wilkinson, Gower, Govindappa and Venkatachalaiah, 2007
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis lakimi Nishikawa, Matsui and Yambun, 2012
Ichthyophis laosensis Taylor, 1969
Ichthyophis larutensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis longicephalus Pillai, 1986
Ichthyophis mindanaoensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis monochrous (Bleeker, 1858)
Ichthyophis moustakius Kamei, Wilkinson, Gower and Biju, 2009
Ichthyophis multicolor Wilkinson, Presswell, Sherratt, Papadopoulou and Gower, 2014
Ichthyophis nguyenorum Nishikawa, Matsui and Orlov, 2012
Ichthyophis nigroflavus Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis nokrekensis Mathew and Sen, 2009
Ichthyophis orthoplicatus Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis paucidentulus Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis paucisulcus Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis pauli Nishikawa, Matsui, Sudin and Wong, 2013
Ichthyophis pseudangularis Taylor, 1965
Ichthyophis sendenyu Kamei, Wilkinson, Gower and Biju, 2009
Ichthyophis sikkimensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis singaporensis Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis sumatranus Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis supachaii Taylor, 1960
Ichthyophis tricolor Annandale, 1909
Ichthyophis weberi Taylor, 1920
Ichthyophis youngorum Taylor, 1960
Idiocranium russeli Parker, 1936
Indotyphlus battersbyi Taylor, 1960
Indotyphlus maharashtraensis Giri, Wilkinson and Gower, 2004
Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis (Lütken, 1851)
Microcaecilia albiceps (Boulenger, 1882)
Microcaecilia butantan Wilkinson, Antoniazzi and Jared, 2015
Microcaecilia dermatophaga Wilkinson, Sherratt, Starace and Gower, 2013
Microcaecilia grandis Wilkinson, Nussbaum and Hoogmoed, 2010
Microcaecilia iwokramae (Wake and Donnelly, 2010)
Microcaecilia iyob Wilkinson and Kok, 2010
Microcaecilia marvaleewakeae Maciel and Hoogmoed, 2013
Microcaecilia nicefori (Barbour, 1924)
Microcaecilia pricei (Dunn, 1944)
Microcaecilia rabei (Roze and Solano, 1963)
Microcaecilia rochai Maciel and Hoogmoed, 2011
Microcaecilia savagei Donnelly and Wake, 2013
Microcaecilia supernumeraria Taylor, 1969
Microcaecilia taylori Nussbaum and Hoogmoed, 1979
Microcaecilia trombetas Maciel and Hoogmoed, 2011
Microcaecilia unicolor (Duméril, 1863)
Mimosiphonops reinhardti Wilkinson and Nussbaum, 1992
Mimosiphonops vermiculatus Taylor, 1968
Nectocaecilia petersii (Boulenger, 1882)
Oscaecilia bassleri (Dunn, 1942)
Oscaecilia elongata (Dunn, 1942)
Oscaecilia equatorialis Taylor, 1973
Oscaecilia hypereumeces Taylor, 1968
Oscaecilia koepckeorum Wake, 1984
Oscaecilia ochrocephala (Cope, 1866)
Oscaecilia osae Lahanas and Savage, 1992
Oscaecilia polyzona (Fischer in Peters, 1880)
Oscaecilia zweifeli Taylor, 1968
Potamotyphlus kaupii (Berthold, 1859)
Praslinia cooperi Boulenger, 1909
Rhinatrema bivittatum (Guérin-Méneville, 1838)
Rhinatrema gilbertogili Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed and Schneider, 2018
Rhinatrema nigrum Dunn, 1942
Rhinatrema ron Wilkinson and Gower, 2010
Rhinatrema shiv Gower, Wilkinson, Sherratt and Kok, 2010
Rhinatrema uaiuai Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed and Schneider, 2018
Schistometopum gregorii (Boulenger, 1895)
Schistometopum thomense (Bocage, 1873)
Scolecomorphus kirkii Boulenger, 1883
Scolecomorphus uluguruensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1928
Scolecomorphus vittatus (Boulenger, 1895)
Siphonops annulatus (Mikan, 1822)
Siphonops hardyi Boulenger, 1888
Siphonops insulanus Ihering, 1911
Siphonops leucoderus Taylor, 1968
Siphonops paulensis Boettger, 1892
Sylvacaecilia grandisonae (Taylor, 1970)
Typhlonectes compressicauda (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)
Typhlonectes natans (Fischer in Peters, 1880)
Uraeotyphlus gansi Gower, Rajendran, Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 2008
Uraeotyphlus interruptus Pillai and Ravichandran, 1999
Uraeotyphlus malabaricus (Beddome, 1870)
Uraeotyphlus menoni Annandale, 1913
Uraeotyphlus narayani Seshachar, 1939
Uraeotyphlus oommeni Gower and Wilkinson, 2007
Uraeotyphlus oxyurus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)

Reference

^ Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G., ur. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. str. 52–59. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.
^ ^a ^b Frost, Darrel R. (2019). „Gymnophiona Müller, 1832”. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Pristupljeno 11. 9. 2019.
^ San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Müller, H.; Loader, S. P.; Zardoya, R.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Wilkinson, M. (2014). „Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 73: 177—189. PMID 24480323. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.009. hdl:10261/123960  . .

Spoljašnje veze

[EoR-1] Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G., ur. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. str. 52–59. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.

[Frost-2] Frost, Darrel R. (2019). „Gymnophiona Müller, 1832”. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Pristupljeno 11. 9. 2019.

[3] San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Müller, H.; Loader, S. P.; Zardoya, R.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Wilkinson, M. (2014). „Life-history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 73: 177—189. PMID 24480323. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.009. hdl:10261/123960  . .

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