Википедија

Aškenazi

Aškenazi (hebr. אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים — „Nemci”)[1] su jevrejska etnička grupa[2] koja je sjedinila u zasebnu zajednicu Jevreja u Svetom rimskom carstvu pred kraj 1. milenijuma.[3] Tradicionalni jezik Aškenaza čine razni dijalekti jidiš jezika.

Aškenazi u Americi početkom 20. veka

Uspostavili su svoje zajednice širom srednje i istočne Evrope, koja je bila njihov primarni region gdje su razvijali osobene karakteristike i identitet dijaspore.[4] U kasnom srednjem vijeku središte gravitiranja Aškenaza, a i tradicionalni kulturni život, pomjerao se prema istoku,[5] izvan njemačkih zemalja u Poljsku i Litvaniju (uključujući današnju Bjelorusiju i Ukrajinu).[6][7] Tokom kasnog 18. vijeka i početkom 19. vijeka, oni Jevreji koji su ostali u Njemačkoj ili su se tu vratili, doživjeli su kulturnu preorijentaciju; pod uticajem Haskala i borbe za emancipaciju, praćeno intelektualnim i kulturnim previranjima u urbanim centrima, postepeno su prestali sa upotrebom jidiš jezika, pri tome razvijajući nove oblike jevrejskog vjerskog života i kulturnog identiteta.[8]

Aškenazi su ostavili svoj trag u evropskom načinu života,[9] davajući ogroman doprinos čovječanstvu[10] i evropskoj kulturi na raznim poljima: filozofija, književnost, umjetnost, muzika i nauka.[11][12] Genocidni uticaj Holokausta, masovna ubistva oko šest miliona Jevreja u Drugom svjetskom ratu, devastirao je Aškenaze i njihov način života, pogađajući skoro sve jevrejske porodice.[13][14]

Procjenjuje se da su Aškenazi činili samo 3% jevrejske populacije u 11. vijeku, dok su na svom vrhuncu 1931. godine činili 92% jevrejsko populacije. Neposredno prije Holokausta, broj Jevreja na svijetu bio je oko 16,7 miliona.[15] Statistički podaci savremenog broj aškenaške populacije, idu od 10[16] do 11,2[17] miliona. Serđo Delapergola u gruboj procjeni broj Sefarda i Mizrahima, zaključuje da Aškenazi čine najmanje 74% ukupne jevrejske populacije.[18] Prema drugim procjenama čine 75% svjetske jevrejske populacije.[19]

Poznati Aškenazi su: Albert Ajnštajn, Ana Frank, Gustav Maler, Sigmund Frojd, Golda Meir, Franc Kafka, Hajnrih Hajne, Karl Marks, Džordž Geršvin, Mark Šagal, Šimon Peres, Ajzak Asimov, Ehud Barak, Menahem Begin, Benjamin Netanjahu, Ehud Olmert, Jicak Rabin, Jicak Šamir, Moše Šaret, Arijel Šaron, Haim Vajcman, David Ben-Gurion, Martin Buber, Noam Čomski, Bendžamin Dizraeli, Gari Kasparov i dr.

Znamenitosti

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Iako u SAD Jevreji (većinom Aškenazi) čine svega oko 1,7% stanovništva SAD oni zauzimaju značajan udeo među intelektualcima. Među 200 vrhunskih intelektualaca Jevreja je 50%, 40% nobelovaca za nauku i ekonomiju, 20% profesora na najuglednijim univerzitetima, 40% partnera u pravnim kompanijama Njujorka i Vašingtona. 59% producenta i scenarista najuspešnijih filmova i 50% svetskih prvaka u šahu.[20]

Vidi još

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Reference

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  1. ^ Ashkenaz, based on Josephus: Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 1. , Perseus Project AJ1.6.1, . Greška: |link= parameter is deprecated. To hide Josephus' name, use |author-mask=0. pri upotrebi {{Cite Josephus}} and his explanation of Genesis 10:3, is considered to be the progenitor of the ancient Gauls (the people of Gallia, meaning, from Austria, France and Belgium), and the ancient Franks (of, both, France and Germany). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia the Spaniard, in the name of Sefer Yuchasin (see: Gedaliah ibn Jechia, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah, Jerusalem 1962, p. 219; p. 228 in PDF), the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called Bohemia, which today is the present-day Czech Republic. These places, according to the Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 1:9 [10a], were also called simply by the diocese „Germamia”. Germania, Germani, Germanica have all been used to refer to the group of peoples comprising the German Tribes, which include such peoples as Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, Vandals and Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni. The entire region east of the Rhine River was known by the Romans as „Germania” (Germany).
  2. ^ Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. A-B. Beograd: Narodna knjiga : Politika. str. 91. ISBN 86-331-2075-5. 
  3. ^ Mosk, Carl (2013). Nationalism and economic development in modern Eurasia. New York: Routledge. str. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-60518-2. „In general the Ashkenazim originally came out of the Holy Roman Empire, speaking a version of German that incorporates Hebrew and Slavic words, Yiddish.” 
  4. ^ Jessica Mozersky, Risky Genes: fs, Breast Cancer and Jewish Identity, Routledge 2013 p. 140.: 'this research highlights the complex and multiple ways in which identity can be conceived of by Ashkenazi Jews.'
  5. ^ Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, et al (2007). „Germany.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 518—546; here: p. 524.
  6. ^ Mosk 2013, str. 143. „Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazim community increasingly gravitated toward Poland.”
  7. ^ Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish. . Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. „From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then … comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow.”
  8. ^ Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, et al (2007). „Germany.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 518—546; here: p. 526—528. „The cultural and intellectual reorientation of the Jewish minority was closely linked with its struggle for equal rights and social acceptance. While earlier generations had used solely the Yiddish and Hebrew languages among themselves, … the use of Yiddish was now gradually abandoned, and Hebrew was by and large reduced to liturgical usage” (p. 527).
  9. ^ Henry L. Feingold (1995). Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. str. 36. 
  10. ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (2002). Interesting Times: A Twentieth Century Life. Abacus Books. str. 25. 
  11. ^ Glenda Abramson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture, Routledge 2004 p. 20.
  12. ^ T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Oxford History of Modern Europe, Oxford University Press, 2000 pp. 147—148
  13. ^ Yaacov Ro'i, „Soviet Jewry from Identification to Identity”, in Eliezer Ben Rafael, Yosef Gorni, Yaacov Ro'i (eds.) Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence, BRILL 2003 p. 186.
  14. ^ Dov Katz, „Languages of the Diaspora”, in Mark Avrum Ehrlich (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO 2008 pp. 193ff., p. 195.
  15. ^ „The Jewish Population of the World (2010)”. Jewish Virtual Library. , based on American Jewish Year Book. American Jewish Committee. Arhivirano iz originala 05. 05. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 28. 05. 2016. 
  16. ^ „Ashkenazi Jews”. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Arhivirano iz originala 20. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 29. 10. 2013. 
  17. ^ „First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews”. The Gazette. Johns Hopkins University. 8. septembar 1997. Pristupljeno 24. 07. 2013. 
  18. ^ DellaPergola, Sergio (2008). „"Sephardic and Oriental" Jews in Israel and Countries: Migration, Social Change, and Identification”. Ur.: Peter Y. Medding. Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews. X11. Oxford University Press. str. 3—42.  DellaPergola does not analyse or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardic Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.
  19. ^ Focus on Genetic Screening Research edited by Sandra R. Pupecki P:58
  20. ^ Steve Pinker, film Hjernevask
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