Asamski jezik
Asamski jezik (অসমীয়া, Ôxômiya)[5][6] pripada grupi indoarijevskoj grani indoevropskih jezika. Govore ga stanovnici indijske države Asam u severoistočnoj Indiji, gde je zvanični jezik. Govori se i u delovima države Arunačal Pradeš. Narod koji govori ovaj jezik svoju državu Oksom (Ôxôm), a svoj jezik oksomija (Ôxômiya).[1][7]
| Asamski | |
|---|---|
| Asamiya | |
| অসমীয়া | |
 Reč Asamiya ('asamski') na asamskom pismu | |
| Region | Asam, Arunačal Pradeš i Nagaland |
| Etnička pripadnost | Asamci |
Broj govornika | [1] Ukupno govornika: 23.539.906 (uključujući 7.488.153 L2 govornika i 740.402 osoba koji prijavljuju asamski jezik kao treći jezik) |
Indoevropski
| |
Raniji oblici | |
| Dijalekti | |
| Estočnonagarsko (asamsko) Ahomsko pismo[2] (istorijsko, retko) asamska Brajeva azbuka latinica (nagamski kreol)[3] | |
| Zvanični status | |
Službeni jezik u |  Indija
|
| Reguliše | Asamsko književno društvo (asamski književni/retorički kongres) |
| Jezički kodovi | |
| ISO 639-1 | as |
| ISO 639-2 | asm |
| ISO 639-3 | asm |
| Glotolog | assa1263[4] |
| Lingosfera | 59-AAF-w |
Asamski jezik se zapisuje modifikovanim bengalskim pismom.
Asamski jezik je blizak bengalskom i orija jeziku, sa kojima deli zajedničko poreklo. Najstariji zapisi na asamskom jeziku potiču iz 14. veka nove ere, iz vremena vladavine kralja Durlabnarajana. Tibeto-burmanski i austro-azijski jezici su dosta uticali na razvoj asamskog jezika.
Istorija
uredi
Asamski je proistekao iz staroindoarijskih dijalekata, mada tačna priroda njihovog porekla i rasta još nije jasna.[9] Generalno se veruje da asamski i kamatapurijski varijeteti potiču iz kamarupskog dijalekta istočnog magadi prakrita,[10] iako neki autori osporavaju blisku vezu asamskog sa magadi prakritom.[11][12] Asamski se razvio u indoarijevskim naseobinama kamarupskih urbanih centrara i duž reke Brahmaputre, okruženi tibeto-burmanskim i austroazijskim zajednicama.[13] Kakatijeva (1941) tvrdnja da asamski ima austroazijski supstrat je opšte prihvaćena, što sugeriše da je, kada su se indoarijevski centri formirali u 4-5 veku, postojao značajan udeo govornika austrouzijskog porekla koji su kasnije prihvatili indoarijevski narodni jezik.[14] Sjuencang, kineski putnik iz 7. veka, primetio je da se indoarijski narodni govor u Kamarupi diferencirao od izvornog narodnog jezika pre nego što je do toga došlo u Bengalu.[15] Ove promene su verovatno nastale usled usvajanja jezika od strane govornika koji nisu bili indoarijevskog porekla.[16][17][18] Novo diferencirani narodni jezik očigledan je u prakritizmima koji su prisutni u sanskritu na kamarupskim natpisima iz čega je na kraju proizašao asamski.[19][20]
Reference
uredi- ^ a b Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. „C-17 POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM”. Pristupljeno 2021-08-22.
- ^ „SEAlang Library Ahom Lexicography”. sealang.net.
- ^ Bhattacharjya, Dwijen (2001). The genesis and development of Nagamese: Its social history and linguistic structure (PhD). City University of New York. ProQuest 304688285.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ur. (2016). „Assamese”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ „Assamese”. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Pristupljeno 2. 3. 2016.
- ^ Assamese is an anglicized term used for the language, but scholars have also used Asamiya (Moral 1992, Goswami & Tamuli 2003) or Asomiya as a close approximation of /ɔxɔmijɑ/, the word used by the speakers for their language. (Mahanta 2012:217)
- ^ "Axomiya is the major language spoken in Assam, and serves almost as a lingua franca among the different speech communities in the whole area." (Goswami 2003:394)
- ^ Proto-Kamta took its inheritance from ?proto-Kamarupa (and before that from ?proto-Gauda-Kamarupa), innovated the unique features … in 1250-1550 AD" (Toulmin 2006:306)
- ^ "Asamiya has historically originated in Old Indo-Aryan dialects, but the exact nature of its origin and growth is not very clear as yet." (Goswami 2003:394)
- ^ "Dr. S. K. Chatterji basing his conclusions on the materials accumulated in LSI, Part I, and other monographs on the Bengali dialects, divides Eastern Mag. Pkt. and Ap. into four dialect groups. (1) Raddha dialects which comprehend Western Bengali which gives standard Bengali colloquial and Oriya in the South West. (2) Varendra dialects of North Central Bengal. (3) Kumarupa dialects which comprehend Assamese and the dialects of North Bengal. (4) Vanga dialects which comprehend the dialects of East Bengal (ODBL VolI p140)." Kakati 1941, str. 6
- ^ There is evidence that the Prakrit of the Kamarupa kingdom differed enough from the Magadhi Prakrit to be identified as either a parallel Kamrupi Prakrit or at least an eastern variety of the Magadha Prakrit (Sharma 1990:0.24–0.28)
- ^ 'One of the interesting theories propounded by Sri Medhi is the classification of Assamese "as a mixture of Eastern and Western groups" or a "mixture of Sauraseni and Magadhi". But whether it is word resemblance or grammatical resemblance, the author admits that in some cases they may be accidental. But he says, "In any case, they may be of some help to scholars for more searching enquiry in future".' (Pattanayak 2016:43–44)
- ^ "(W)e should imagine a linguistic patchwork with an eastern Indo-Aryan vernacular (not yet really "Assamese") in the urban centers and along the river and Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic communities everywhere." (DeLancey 2012:15–16)
- ^ "While Kakati's assertion of an Austroasiatic substrate needs to be re-established on the basis of more systematic evidence, it is consistent with the general assumption that the lower Brahmaputra drainage was originally Austroasiatic speaking. It also implies the existence of a substantial Austroasiatic speaking population till the time of spread of Aryan culture into Assam, i.e. it implies that up until the 4th-5th centuries CE and probably much later Tibeto-Burman languages had not completely supplanted Austroasiatic languages." (DeLancey 2012:13)
- ^ "It is curious to find that according to (Hiuen Tsang) the language of Kamarupa 'differed a little' from that of mid-India. Hiuen Tsang is silent about the language of Pundra-vardhana or Karna-Suvarna; it can be presumed that the language of these tracts was identical with that of Magadha." Chatterji 1926, str. 78
- ^ "Perhaps this 'differing a little' of the Kamarupa speech refers to those modifications of Aryan sounds which now characterise Assamese as well as North- and East-Bengali dialects." Chatterji 1926, str. 78–89
- ^ "When [the Tibeto-Burman speakers] adopted that language they also enriched it with their vocabularies, expressions, affixes etc." (Saikia 1997)
- ^ Moral 1997, str. 43–53.
- ^ "… (it shows) that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged." Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978). Inscriptions of Ancient Assam. Guwahati, Assam: Gauhati University. str. xxiv—xxviii. OCLC 559914946.
- ^ Medhi 1988, str. 67–63.
Literatura
uredi- Chatterji (1926). The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language.
- DeLancey, Scott (2012). Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; w. Post, Mark, ur. „On the Origin of Bodo-Garo”. Northeast Indian Linguistics. 4: 3—20. ISBN 9789382264521. doi:10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003.
- Dutta, Birendranath (1995). A Study of the Folk Culture of the Goalpara Region of Assam. Guwahati, Assam: University Publication Department, Gauhati University.
- Dutta, Birendranath (2003). „Non-Standard Forms of Assamese: Their Socio-cultural Role”. Ur.: Miri, Mrinal. Linguistic Situation in North-East India (2nd izd.). Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. str. 101—110.
- Goswami, G. C.; Tamuli, Jyotiprakash (2003), „Asamiya”, Ur.: Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, str. 391—443
- Guha, Amalendu (decembar 1983), „The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)” (PDF), Social Scientist, 11 (12): 3—34, JSTOR 3516963, doi:10.2307/3516963
- Kakati, Banikanta (1941), Assamese: Its Formation and Development, Gauhati, Assam: Government of Assam
- Kakati, Banikanta (1953). „Assamese Language”. Ur.: Kakati, Banikanta. Aspects of Early Assamese Literature. Gauhati University. str. 1–16.
- Kar, Boddhisattva (2008). „'Tongue Has No Bone': Fixing the Assamese Language, c.1800–c.1930”. Studies in History. 24 (1): 27—76. S2CID 144577541. doi:10.1177/025764300702400102.
- Khan, M. Siddiq (1962). „The Early History of Bengali Printing”. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. The University of Chicago Press. 32 (1): 51—61. JSTOR 4305188. S2CID 148408211. doi:10.1086/618956.
- Kommaluri, Vijayanand; Subramanian, R.; Sagar K, Anand (2005), „Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages”, Language in India, 5
- Mahanta, Sakuntala (2012). „Assamese”. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 42 (2): 217—224. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000096
. - Masica, Colin P (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521299442. Pristupljeno 4. 2. 2013.
- Medhi, Kaliram (1988), Assamese Grammar and the Origin of Assamese Language, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam
- Moral, Dipankar (1997), „North-East India as a Linguistic Area” (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 27: 43—53
- Neog, Maheshwar (1980), Anandaram Dhekiyal Phukan, New Delhi: Sahiyta Akademi
- Oberlies, Thomas (2007), „Chapter Five: Aśokan Prakrit and Pāli”, Ur.: Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9
- Pattanayak, D. P. (2016), „Oriya and Assamese”, Ur.: Emeneau, Murray B.; Fergusson, Charles A., Linguistics in South Asia, De Gruyter, Inc., str. 122—152
- Saikia, Nagen (1997). „Assamese”. Ur.: Paniker. Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. str. 3—20. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
- Sarma, Parismita (2017). Analysis and building an unrestricted speech synthesizer with reference to assamese language (PhD). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/195592.
- Sharma, M. M. (1990), „Language and Literature”, Ur.: Borthakur, H. K., The Comprehensive History of Assam: Ancient Period, I, Guwahati, Assam: Publication Board, Assam, str. 263—284
- Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University.
- Toulmin, Mathew W S (2009), From Linguistic to Sociolinguistic Reconstruction: The Kamta Historical Subgroup of Indo-Aryan, Pacific Linguistics
Spoljašnje veze
uredi- englesko-asamski rečnik
- Asamski jezik i literatura
- Pesme na Asamskom
- Primer asamskog jezika Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. januar 2008)
- Etnološki izveštaj o asamskom jeziku
- Assamese language at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Axamiyaa Bhaaxaar Moulik Bisar by Mr Devananda Bharali (PDF)
- Candrakānta abhidhāna : Asamiyi sabdara butpatti aru udaharanere Asamiya-Ingraji dui bhashara artha thaka abhidhana. second ed. Guwahati : Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya, 1962.
- A Dictionary in Assamese and English (1867) First Assamese dictionary by Miles Bronson from (books.google.com)
- Assamese proverbs, published 1896
