Ujgurski kaganat
Ujgurski kaganat (ili Ujgursko carstvo ili Uigurski kaganat, takođe poznat kao zemlja Tokuz Oguza,[5][6][7] staroturkijski: 𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, moderni ujgurski: ئۇيغۇر خانلىقى, Uyghur Xanliqi, nazivima iz Tang ere sa modernim Hanju pinjinom: tradicionalni kineski: 回鶻; pojednostavljeni kineski: 回鹘; pinjin: Huíhú ili tradicionalni kineski: 回紇; pojednostavljeni kineski: 回纥; pinjin: Huíhé) bilo je turkijsko carstvo[8] koje je postojalo oko jednog veka između sredine 8. i 9. veka. Oni su bili plemenska konfederacija pod Orkon ujgurskim (回鶻) plemstvom, koje su Kinezi nazivali Đu Sing („Devet klanova”), što potiče od imena Toguz Oguz ili Toquz Tugluq.[9] Njihova prestonica je bio Otuken i kasnije Ordu-Balik. On je kasnije zamenjen Jenisej kirgiskim kaganatom.
Ujgurski kaganat 𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 744–840[1] | |||||||||||||||
 Ujgurski kaganat u svojoj najvećoj veličini | |||||||||||||||
| Status | Kaganat | ||||||||||||||
| Prestonica | |||||||||||||||
| Zajednički jezici |
| ||||||||||||||
| Religija | Tengrizam, Manihejstvo, Budizam | ||||||||||||||
| Vlada | Monarhija | ||||||||||||||
| Ujgurski kagani | |||||||||||||||
• 744–747. | Kutlug Bilg Kol | ||||||||||||||
• 841–847. | Og kan | ||||||||||||||
| Istorija | |||||||||||||||
• Uspostavljen | 744 | ||||||||||||||
• Ukinut | 840[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Površina | |||||||||||||||
| 800[3][4] | 3.100.000 km2 (1.200.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Danas deo | |||||||||||||||
Istorija
уредиUspon
уредиGodine 657, Zapadnoturkijski kaganat je porazila dinastija Tang, nakon čega su Ujguri podpali pod Tang upravu. Pre toga, Ujguri su već pokazali sklonost ka savezima sa Tang dinastijom, kada su se s njima borili protiv Tibetanskog carstva i Turaka 627. godine.[10][11] Godine 742, Ujguri, Karluci i Basmili pobunili su se protiv Drugog turskog kaganata.[12]
Godine 744, Basmili su zauzeli tursku prestonicu Otuken i usmrtili vladajućeg Ozmis Kagana. Kasnije te godine ujgursko-karlučki savez je formiran protiv Basmila i pobedio ih. Njihov kagan je ubijen i Basmili su prestali da postoje kao narod. Neprijateljstva između Ujgura i Karluka zatim su primorala Karluke da migriraju na zapad u Žetisu i da se sukobe sa Tirgešima, koje su porazili i pokorili 766. godine.[13]
Lično ime ujgurskog kagana bilo je Kulıg Bojla (kineski: 骨力裴羅). On je uzeo titulu Kutlug I Bilg kagan „Sjajni, mudri, moćni kagan”, tvrdeći da je vrhovni vladar svih plemena. On je sagradio svoj glavni grad u Ordu-Baliku. Prema kineskim izvorima, teritorija Ujgurskog carstva tada je dosegla „na svom istočnom kraju, teritoriju Šiveja, na zapadu planine Altaj, na jugu je kontrolisala pustinju Gobi, tako da je pokrivala čitavu teritoriju drevne Sjungnu”.[14]
Ujguri su 745. godine ubili poslednjeg kagana Gokturka, bega Bajmejkehana Gulongfua (白眉可汗 鶻隴匐), i poslali njegovu glavu u Tang.[15]
Reference
уреди- ^ „History of Central Asia”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 8. 11. 2016.
- ^ „Data” (PDF). www.tekedergisi.com. Приступљено 19. 1. 2020.
- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (decembar 2006). „East-West Orientation of Historical Empires”. Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Приступљено 16. 9. 2016.
- ^ Rein Taagepera (septembar 1997). „Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia”. International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475—504. JSTOR 2600793. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.
- ^ E.J. Brill, 1962, Four studies on the history of Central Asia, p. 88
- ^ Scott C. Levi, 2009, Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources, p. 29
- ^ V. V. Barthold, 1956, Four Studies on Central Asia, p. 88
- ^ Benson 1998, стр. 16–19.
- ^ Bughra 1983, стр. 50–51.
- ^ Latourette 1964, стр. 144.
- ^ Haywood 1998, стр. 3.2.
- ^ Sinor 1990, стр. 317–342.
- ^ Sinor 1990, стр. 349.
- ^ „Chapter 217 part 1”. 新唐書 [New Book of Tang]. „"東極室韋，西金山，南控大漠，盡得古匈奴地。"”
- ^ Barfield 1989, стр. 151.
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Spoljašnje veze
уреди
- Jiu Tangshu (舊唐書) Old Book of Tang Chapter 195 (in Chinese)
- Xin Tangshu (新唐書) New Book of Tang, chapter 217, part 1 and part 2 (in Chinese). Translation in English here [1] (most of part 1 and beginning of part 2).
- Die chinesische Inschrift auf dem uigurischen Denkmal in Kara Balgassun (1896)