Pyrocyon

Pyrocyon; Временски распон: 55.8–50.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N рани еоцен
	илустрација дјела горње и доње; вилице врсте Pyrocyon strenuus
Научна класификација
Домен:	Eukaryota
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Mammalia
Ред:	†Hyaenodonta
Род:	†Pyrocyon; Gingerich & Deustch, 1989
Типска врста
	†Pyrocyon dioctetus; Gingerich & Deustch, 1989
Врсте
	†Pyrocyon dioctetus; †Pyrocyon strenuus;
Синоними
	синоними рода: Pirocyon (Lavrov, 1999) ; синоними врсте: P. strenuus: Prototomus strenuus (Cope, 1875) ; Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1881) ; Stypolophus hians (Cope, 1877) ; Stypolophus strenuus (Cope, 1880) ; Stypolophus whiteae (Cope, 1882) ; Stypolophus whitiae (Cope, 1882) ; Sinopa aculeata (Matthew, 1899) ; Sinopa hians (Matthew, 1901) ; Sinopa strenua (Matthew, 1899) ; Sinopa strenuus (Matthew, 1901) ; Sinopa whitiae (Cope, 1882) ; Tritemnodon hians (Van Valen, 1965) ; Tritemnodon strenua (Van Valen, 1965) ; Tritemnodon strenuus (Van Valen, 1965) ; Tritemnodon whitiae (Matthew, 1906) ; ;

Pyrocyon (Пирокион — „ватрени пас”) је изумрли род плаценталних сисара из изумрлог реда Hyaenodonta, који је у периоду раног еоцена настањивао подручје Сјеверне Америке.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Етимологија назива

Род:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
Pyrocyon	старогрчке ријечи пиро (стгрч. πῦρ), која значи ватра и старогрчке ријечи кион (стгрч. κύων), која значи пас	ватрени пас

Врсте:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
P. dioctetus	рода Pyrocyon старогрчке ријечи ди (стгрч. δι), која значи два латинске ријечи окто (лат. octo), која значи осам и старогрчке ријечи етос (стгрч. έτος), која значи година	двоструки осмогодишњи Пирокион
P. strenuus	рода Pyrocyon и латинске ријечи стренус (лат. strenuus), која значи брз	брзи Пирокион

Опис

Одрасли примјерци врсте Pyrocyon dioctetus су достизали тежину око 2,62 kg, а код врсте Pyrocyon strenuus тежину од 7,62 до 13,15 kg.^[14]

Понашање и палеоекологија

Врста из рода Pyrocyon су биле мали копнени предатори који је у прошлости Сјеверне Америке настањивали плавне равнице и копнене екосистеме.

Систематика

Класификација

Род: †*Pyrocyon* (Gingerich & Deustch, 1989)
Врсте:	Распрострањеност фосила и локација:	Временски распон:
†P. dioctetus (Gingerich & Deustch, 1989)^[15]	САД (Вајоминг)	55,8 до 50,3 мил. год.
†P. strenuus (Cope, 1875)^[16]	САД (Вајоминг и Колорадо)	55,8 до 50,3 мил. год.

Филогенија

Доље приказан кладограм представља филогенетске везе рода Pyrocyon.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

	†Arfiidae

	†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Pyrocyon

	†Pyrocyon dioctetus

	†Pyrocyon strenuus

†Gazinocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon група

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon група

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon група

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus група

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon група

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia група

†Arfia група

†Galecyon група

†афро-арабијска група

Временска распрострањеност рода Pyrocyon унутар реда Hyaenodonta

Види још

Референце

^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^ E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
^ E. D. Cope (1882.) "Contributions to the history of the Vertebrata of the lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico, made during 1881." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20(111):139-197
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
^ Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38
^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638—665.
^ Matthew, W. D. (1906.) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015.
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Solé, Floréal (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. г. Приступљено 09. 01. 2021.
^ Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.
^ Cope, Edward D. (1875). „Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department”. Washington D.C.: United States Army, US Government Printing Office: 5—37.
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Solé, Floréal; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Литература

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
T. E. White (1952.) "Preliminary analysis of the vertebrate fossil fauna of the Boysen Reservoir area." Proceedings of the United States National Museum 102(3296):185-207
D. A. Guthrie (1971.) "The Mammalian Fauna of the Lost Cabin Member, Wind River Formation (lower Eocene) of Wyoming." Annals of Carnegie Museum 43(4):47-113
A. J. Kihm (1984.) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.

[Lavrov1999-1] A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].

[2] E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202

[3] E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[4] E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82

[5] E. D. Cope (1882.) "Contributions to the history of the Vertebrata of the lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico, made during 1881." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20(111):139-197

[6] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138

[7] Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38

[8] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638—665.

[9] Matthew, W. D. (1906.) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI

[McKenna_&_Bell-10] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015.

[Gunnell1998-11] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[12] Solé, Floréal (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[hyaenodontidansGourLazib-13] Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.

[14] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. г. Приступљено 09. 01. 2021.

[15] Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.

[16] Cope, Edward D. (1875). „Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department”. Washington D.C.: United States Army, US Government Printing Office: 5—37.

[Matthew2017-17] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .

[Simbakubwa-18] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-19] Solé, Floréal; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-20] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-21] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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Pyrocyon Временски распон: 55.8–50.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N рани еоцен

илустрација дјела горње и доње вилице врсте Pyrocyon strenuus
Научна класификација
Домен:	Eukaryota
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Mammalia
Ред:	†Hyaenodonta
Род:	†Pyrocyon Gingerich & Deustch, 1989
Типска врста
†Pyrocyon dioctetus Gingerich & Deustch, 1989
Врсте
†Pyrocyon dioctetus †Pyrocyon strenuus
Синоними
синоними рода: Pirocyon (Lavrov, 1999)^[1] синоними врсте: P. strenuus: Prototomus strenuus (Cope, 1875) Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1881)^[2] Stypolophus hians (Cope, 1877)^[3] Stypolophus strenuus (Cope, 1880)^[4] Stypolophus whiteae (Cope, 1882)^[5] Stypolophus whitiae (Cope, 1882) Sinopa aculeata (Matthew, 1899)^[6] Sinopa hians (Matthew, 1901)^[7] Sinopa strenua (Matthew, 1899) Sinopa strenuus (Matthew, 1901) Sinopa whitiae (Cope, 1882) Tritemnodon hians (Van Valen, 1965)^[8] Tritemnodon strenua (Van Valen, 1965) Tritemnodon strenuus (Van Valen, 1965) Tritemnodon whitiae (Matthew, 1906)^[9]