Boginja

Boginja je žensko božanstvo.^[1] Mnoge kulture ima boginje. Boginju uglavnom imaju politeisti, jer monoteisti vjeruju u jednog Boga, iako sve više hrišćana smatra da Bog ne mora uvijek biti muškog roda, pa zamjenicom Ona nazivaju Boga.^[2] Od indoevropskih religija najviše boginja imala je nordijska mitologija. Česti simbol boginja je krug, kojem s lijeve i desne strane stoji po jedan polumjesec.

U nekim verama, sveta ženska figura zauzima centralno mesto u verskoj molitvi i bogosluženju. Na primer, šaktizam, obožavanje ženske sile koja animira svet, jedna je od tri glavne sekte hinduizma.

Politeističke religije, uključujući politeističke rekonstrukcioniste, poštuju više boginja i bogova i obično ih posmatraju kao diskretna, odvojena bića. Ova božanstva mogu biti deo panteona, ili različiti regioni mogu imati božanstva čuvara.

Religije

Hinduizam

Hindu boginja Sarasvati.

Hinduizam je religija koja ima nekoliko bogova i boginja, a od sviju božanstava najvažniji je Brahma, stvoritelj svijeta, a žena mu je Sarasvati. Shaktas je je majka sviju boginja. Šiva ima ženu Parvati. U hinduizmu postoji 180 imena nekoliko boginja. U hinduizmu ima i dvospolnih bogova kao što su Lakšmi-Višnu, Šiva-Šakti, Radha-Krišna i drugi. Jedan bog je muški bog (Šaktiman) i ženska energija (Šakti), koji radi s dinamičnom ženskom energijom.

Sikhizam

Sikhi su monoteisti i vjeruju u Boga. Glavni im je vođa Guru Granth Sahib, koji se punim imenom zove Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Skulpture sikhizma govore o Bogu kao Ocu i Majci.

Grčkorimska mitologija

Cerera, rimska boginja agrikulture.

Perzefona, kraljica podzemnog svijeta,
Demetra, boginja ratarsta, Zemlje i plodnosti,
Afrodita, boginja ljubavi i ljepote,
Artemida, boginja lova i šuma,
Atena, boginja rata, zanatstva i zaštitnica grada Atene,
Kibela, "majka Zemlja",
Hera, boginja braka, Zeusova žena,
Nika, boginja trijumfa i pobjede,
Potria Theron,
Selena, boginja Mjeseca, ali i njegova personifikacija.

Keltska mitologija

Agrona, boginja rata,
Brigid,
Matrona, "majka boginja",
Morrígan, boginja bitki i plodnosti,
Sulis.

Nordijska mitologija

Freyja, boginja ljubavi i ljepote,
Frigg, vrhovna boginja Asa,
Fulla,
Gná,
Gullveig, misteriozna boginja,
Hel, boginja podzemlja,
Hlín,
Nanna,
Nerthus,
Norne, suđenice nordijske mitologije,
Nótt, boginja koja je personifikacija noći,
Sol.

Egipatska mitologija

Egipatska boginja Neith.

Mut, kćer boga Sunca, Amonova žena,
Izida, boginja majka,
Hathor, boginja koja može preuzeti lik krave, najljepša boginja,
Neftis, boginja grobnica,
Nut, boginja neba i zvijezda,
Tawaret, boginja trudnoće i majčinstva,
Meskhenet, boginja rađanja, zaštitnica male djece.

Monoteističke religije

Monoteistička kultura nema boginja te se za Boga smatra da spada u muški rod, ali gramatički ne može se utvrditi kojeg je Bog roda, no većina monoteista Boga zove i Ocem i sličnim imenima. Hrišćani Bogorodicu Mariju smatraju da je nešto kao boginja. Njen sin je Bog u utjelovljenju čovjeka. U islamu Marija je smatrana djevicom, ali je ne smatraju kao božicu ili kraljicu (nisu joj propisane božanske osobine) i ne vjeruju da je njen sin Isus, Sin Božji, pa je to u islamu najveći grijeh.

Feminizam

Rimski, hadrijanski period, statua Izide od mermera iz Kapitolskog muzeja

Pokret boginje

Barem od prvog talasa feminizma u Sjedinjenim Državama, postoji interesovanje za analizu religije da bi se videlo da li i kako doktrine i prakse tretiraju žene nepravedno, kao u Ženskoj Bibliji Elizabet Kejdi Stenton. Ponovo u drugom talasu feminizma u SAD, kao i u mnogim evropskim i drugim zemljama, religija je postala fokus nekih feminističkih analiza u judaizmu, hrišćanstvu i drugim religijama, a neke žene su se okrenule religijama drevnih boginja kao alternativi abrahamskim religijama (Womanspirit Rising 1979; Weaving the Visions 1989). Danas žene i muškarci nastavljaju sa aktivnostima u pokretu Boginje (Hrist 1997). Popularnost organizacija kao što je Družina Izide svedoči o stalnom rastu religije Boginje širom sveta.

Dok je veliki deo pokušaja rodne ravnopravnosti u matičnom hrišćanstvu (judaizam nikada nije priznavao bilo koji rod za Boga) usmeren na reinterpretaciju Svetog pisma i derodifikaciju jezika koji se koristi za imenovanje i opisivanje božanskog,^[3] postoji sve veći broj ljudi koji se identifikuju kao hrišćani ili jevreji, koji pokušavaju da integrišu slike boginje u svoje religije.^[4]

Sveto žensko

Termin „sveto žensko” prvi put je skovan 1970-ih, u popularizaciji Nju ejdža hindu šaktija.^[5]^[6]^[7] Hinduizam takođe obožava mnoštvo boginja koje imaju svoju važnu ulogu, i stoga su zainteresovale Nju ejdž, feminističke i lezbejske feminističke pokrete.^[8]

Vidi još

Boginja majka

Reference

^ Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Religions (Rev. изд.). New York: Facts on File. стр. 181. ISBN 978-1438110387. Text: goddesses Female deities.
^ Grupa autora. Oxford, enciklopedija za mlade. ISBN 978-953-274-036-3. , Zagreb, 2008.
^ Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991
^ Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"
^ Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005). Sacred Sanskrit Words. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.
^ Feuerstein, Georg (2000). The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
^ Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003). Shakti: Multidisciplinary perspectives on women's empowerment in India. New Delhi, IN: Rawat. ISBN 81-7033-793-3.
^ Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (1st изд.). Berkeley: University of California Press. стр. 1. ISBN 9780520908833. Приступљено 22. 4. 2016. „goddess.”

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Spoljašnje veze

[1] Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Religions (Rev. изд.). New York: Facts on File. стр. 181. ISBN 978-1438110387. Text: goddesses Female deities.

[2] Grupa autora. Oxford, enciklopedija za mlade. ISBN 978-953-274-036-3. , Zagreb, 2008.

[3] Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991

[4] Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"

[5] Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005). Sacred Sanskrit Words. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.

[6] Feuerstein, Georg (2000). The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.

[7] Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003). Shakti: Multidisciplinary perspectives on women's empowerment in India. New Delhi, IN: Rawat. ISBN 81-7033-793-3.

[8] Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (1st изд.). Berkeley: University of California Press. стр. 1. ISBN 9780520908833. Приступљено 22. 4. 2016. „goddess.”

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