Колумбија (река)
река у Северној Америци
Колумбија (енгл. Columbia) је река која протиче кроз Канаду и САД. Дуга је 2.000 km и највећа је река Пацифичког северозапада у Северној Америци.[8] Извире у Стеновитим планинама у канадској покрајини Британска Колумбија на надморској висини од 820 метара. Корито реке првобитно води ка северозападу а након тога јужно ка Сједињеним Америчким Државама и савезној држави Вашингтон. Окука код места Валула усмерује реку према западу, чинићи природну границу између две савезне државе - Вашингтона и Орегона.
| Колумбија | |
|---|---|
 Колумбија у држави Вашингтон | |
 | |
| Опште информације | |
| Дужина | 1.243 mi (2.000 km)[1] km |
| Басен | 724.024 km2 |
| Пр. проток | 7.730 m3⁄s |
| Водоток | |
| Извор | 50° 13′ 35″ N 115° 51′ 05″ W / 50.22639° С; 115.85139° З[2] |
| В. извора | 820[3] m |
| Ушће | Тихи океан, 46° 14′ 39″ N 124° 03′ 29″ W / 46.24417° С; 124.05806° З[4][5][6][5] |
| Коор. ушћа | 46° 14′ 39″ N 124° 3′ 29″ W / 46.24417° С; 124.05806° З[7] |
| Географске карактеристике | |
| Држава/е |  Канада САД |
| Насеља | Портланд |
| Притоке | Снејк, Виламет |
| Река на Викимедијиној остави | |
Референце
уреди- ^ „The Columbia River”. Columbia River Keeper. 2013. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 9. 2012. г. Приступљено 5. 12. 2013.
- ^ „Columbia Lake”. Canadian Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала 30. 9. 2015. г. Приступљено 29. 9. 2015.
- ^ Marsh, James H. (2013). „Columbia River”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 9. 2015. г. Приступљено 30. 9. 2015.
- ^ Kammerer, J. C. (мај 1990). „Largest Rivers in the United States”. United States Geological Survey. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 1. 2017. г. Приступљено 1. 4. 2008.
- ^ а б Kimbrough, R. A.; Ruppert, G. P.; Wiggins, W. D.; Smith, R. R.; Kresch, D. L. (2006). „Water Data Report WA-05-1: Klickitat and White Salmon River Basins and the Columbia River from Kennewick to Bonneville Dam” (PDF). Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005. United States Geological Survey. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 18. 6. 2012. г. Приступљено 1. 4. 2008.
- ^ Loy et al. 2001, стр. 164–65.
- ^ „Columbia River”. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 28. 11. 1980. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 06. 2020. г. Приступљено 1. 4. 2008.
- ^ According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, "Largest Rivers in the United States" Архивирано 2017-07-09 на сајту Wayback Machine, "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.
Литература
уреди- Abell, Robin A.; Olsen, David; Dinerstein, Eric; Hurley, Patrick T. (2000). Freshwater Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment
. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-734-3. - Affleck, Edward L. (2000). A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon, and Alaska. Vancouver, British Columbia: Alexander Nicholls Press. ISBN 978-0-920034-08-8.
- Barber, Katrine (2005). Death of Celilo Falls. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98546-6.
- Benson, Frank W. (јун 1908). A Pamphlet Containing All Measures ... State of Oregon — преко Google Books.
- Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-789-4.
- Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America . New York: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
- Boyd, Robert (1996). People of the Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1236-7.
- Clark, Ella E. (2003). Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23926-5.
- Corning, Howard McKinley (1977). Willamette Landings (2nd изд.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-87595-042-6.
- Denton, V. L. (1924). The Far West Coast . Toronto: Dent. OCLC 918309366.
- Dietrich, William (1995). Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97546-7.
- Dohnal, Cheri (2003). Columbia River Gorge: National Treasure on the Old Oregon Trail. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2432-0.
- Dove (Quintasket), Mourning (Christine) (1990) [1933]. Coyote Stories . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8169-1.
- Egan, Timothy (1990). The Good Rain. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-57724-1.
- Friedman, Ralph (2003). In Search of Western Oregon. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press. ISBN 978-0-87004-332-1.
- Gibbs, James A. (1964). Pacific Graveyard (3rd изд.). Portland, Oregon: Binford & Mort.
- Harden, Blaine (1996). A River Lost: The Life and Death of the Columbia. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03936-8.
- Harris, Stephen L. (1988). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87842-220-3.
- Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1-57061-215-2.
- Hayes, Derek (1999a). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1-57061-215-2.
- Holbrook, Stewart (1956). The Columbia. San Francisco: Comstock Editions. ISBN 978-0-89174-051-3.
- Houck, Michael C.; Cody, M. J. (2000). Wild in the City. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-87595-273-4.
- Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wàna: The Big River . Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-96851-3.
- Jacobs, Melvin C. (1938). Winning Oregon: A Study of an Expansionist Movement. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers. OCLC 9474314.
- Loy, William G.; Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meacham, James E. (2001) [1976]. Atlas of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press. ISBN 978-0-87114-102-6.
- Lyman, William Denison (1909). The Columbia River: Its History, Its Myths, Its Scenery, Its Commerce. G. P. Putnam's Sons. (see here for full online transcription)
- MacGibbon, Elma (1904). „Columbia River and Pullman”. Leaves of Knowledge. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. ISBN 978-1-110-68495-3.
- Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0613-8.
- Meinig, D. W. (1995) [1968]. The Great Columbia Plain (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classic изд.). University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97485-9.
- Mueller, Ted (1997). Fire, Faults, and Floods: A Road and Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press. ISBN 978-0-89301-206-9.
- National Research Council (U.S.) (2004). Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09155-8.
- Netboy, Anthony (1980). The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95768-5.
- Palmer, Howard; Thorington, James Monroe (1921). A Climber's Guide to the Rocky Mountains of Canada. New York: Knickerbocker Press.
- Pitzer, Paul (1994). Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87422-110-7.
- Pipes, Nellie Bowden (1926). „Articles in the Oregon Historical Quarterly Relating to the Columbia River, Settlement of Astoria, Lewis and Clark Expedition”. Oregon Historical Quarterly. 27. Oregon Historical Society.
- Pryce, Paula (1999). Keeping the Lakes' Way: Reburial and Re-creation of a Moral World among an Invisible People. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8223-7.
- Roberts, John E. (2005). A Discovery Journal: George Vancouver's First Survey Season – 1792. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-7097-3.
- Ronda, James P. (1984). Lewis & Clark Among the Indians . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8990-1.
- Rybář, Jan; Stemberk, Josef; Wagner, Peter (2002). Landslides: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides, Prague, Czech Republic, June 24–26, 2002. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-90-5809-393-6.
- Satterfield, Archie (2003) [1989]. Country Roads of Washington. Lincoln: iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-26863-4.
- Scott, Harvey W.; Scott, Leslie M. (1924). History of the Oregon Country. 3. Cambridge: Riverside Press. ISBN 978-0-665-16710-2.
- Stelling, Peter L.; Tucker, David S. (2007). Floods, Faults, and Fire. Bellingham, Washington: Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-0009-0.
- Timmen, Fritz (1972). Blow for the Landing. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. ISBN 978-0-87004-221-8.
- Ulrich, Roberta (2007). Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87071-469-6.
- Wilkinson, Charles F. (2005). Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05149-0.
Спољашње везе
уреди
- BC Hydro
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
- „Columbia River”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 6 (11 изд.). 1911.
„Columbia River”. New International Encyclopedia. 1905.- Columbia River Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (29. септембар 2016) US Environmental Protection Agency
- Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area from the US Forest Service
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
- The short film "The Columbia (1949)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- „Timeline of exploration of the Columbia”. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 1. 2008. г. Приступљено 26. 9. 2007., dating to the 17th century
- University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Tollman and Canaris Photographs Photographs document the salmon fishing industry on the southern Washington coast and in the lower Columbia River around the year 1897 and offer insights about commercial salmon fishing and the techniques used at the beginning of the 20th century.
- Virtual World: Columbia River National Geographic via Internet Archive
