Donji kvark
Donji kvark ili d kvark je jedna od elementarnih čestica od kojih se sastoji materija. Prema masi je na drugom mestu između 6 kvarkova. Zajedno sa gornjim kvarkom sačinjava neutrone (1 gornji kvark i 2 donja kvarka) te protone (2 gornja kvarka i 1 donji kvark) koji su deo atomskih jezgara. Čini prvu porodicu čestica prema standardnom modelu. Ima naboj od -1/3 e i masu između 3.5-6.0 MeV/c2. Kao i svi kvarkovi spada u grupu fermiona sa spinom od -1/2. Na njega deluju sva 4 osnovna međudelovanja: gravitaciono, elektromagnetno, slabo i jako. Antičestica donjem kvarku je donji antikvark. Postulirali su ga 1964. Mari Gel-Man i Džordž Cvejg, a prvi put je primećen u SLAC-u 1968.
| Kompozicija | Elementarna čestica |
|---|---|
| Statistike | Fermionska |
| Generacija | Prva |
| Interakcije | jaka, slaba, elektromagnetna sila, gravitacija |
| Simbol | d |
| Antičestica | Donji antikvark (d) |
| Teorije | Mari Gel-Man (1964) Džordž Cvejg (1964) |
| Otkriven | SLAC (1968) |
| Masa | 4,7+0,5 −0,3 MeV/c2[1] |
| Raspad u | Stable or Up quark + Electron + Electron antineutrino |
| Naelektrisanje | −1/3 e |
| Boja naboja | Yes |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Slabi izospin | LH: −1/2, RH: 0 |
| Slabi hipernaboj | LH: 1/3, RH: −2/3 |
Istorija
уреди
U počecima fizike čestica (prva polovina 20. veka), smatralo se da su hadroni kao što su protoni, neutroni i pioni elementarne čestice. Međutim, kako su otkriveni novi hadroni, 'zoološki vrt čestica' je narastao od nekoliko čestica ranih 1930-ih i 1940-ih na nekoliko desetina njih 1950-ih. Odnosi između svake od njih bili su nejasni sve do 1961. godine, kada su Mari Gel-Man[2] i Juval Neeman[3] (nezavisno jedan od drugog) predložili klasifikacionu šemu hadrona nazvanu Osmostruki put, ili tehnički rečeno, SU(3) simetrija ukusa.
Ova klasifikaciona šema je organizovala hadrone u izospinske multiplete, ali fizička osnova iza toga je još uvek bila nejasna. Godine 1964. Gel-Man[4] i Džordž Cvajg[5][6] (nezavisno jedan od drugog) predložili su model kvarka, koji se tada sastojao samo od gornjih, donjih i čudnih kvarkova.[7] Međutim, dok je model kvarkova objašnjavao Osmostruki put, nikakvi direktni dokazi o postojanju kvarkova nisu pronađeni sve do 1968. godine u Centru za linearne akceleratore Stanforda.[8][9] Eksperimenti dubokog neelastičnog rasejanja su pokazali da protoni imaju podstrukturu i da su protoni napravljeni od tri fundamentalnije čestice objasnili podatke (čime je potvrđen model kvarka).[10]
U početku ljudi nisu bili voljni da identifikuju tri tela kao kvarkove, umesto toga su više preferirali opis partona Ričarda Fajnmana,[11][12][13] ali je vremenom teorija kvarkova postala prihvaćena (pogledajte Novembarska revolucija).[14]
Reference
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M. Gell-Mann (2000) [1964]. „The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry”. Ур.: M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman. The Eightfold Way. Westview Press. стр. 11. ISBN 978-0-7382-0299-0.
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Y. Ne'eman (2000) [1964]. „Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance”. Ур.: M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman. The Eightfold Way. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-7382-0299-0.
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