Bela kuća
Bela kuća (engl. White House) je službena rezidencija i glavno radno mesto predsednika SAD u Vašingtonu.[1]
Rezidencija je belo obojena neoklasicistička vila. Nalazi se u Pensilvanijskoj aveniji na broju 1600 (1600 Pennsylvania Avenue) u Vašingtonu.
Isti naziv se koristi i za najuži krug državnih službenika oko predsednika Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Imanje je u vlasništvu Službe nacionalnih parkova Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (engl. National Park Service), i deo je Predsedničkog parka (engl. President's Park).
Rezidenciju je dizajnirao arhitekta irskog porekla Džejms Hoban[2] u neoklasičnom stilu. Hoban je napravio zgradu po uzoru na Lajnster kuću u Dablinu, zgradu u kojoj se danas nalazi Iraktas, irsko zakonodavno telo. Izgradnja se odvijala između 1792. i 1800. godine, koristeći peščar Akva Krika obojen u belo. Kada se Tomas Džeferson uselio u kuću 1801. godine, on je (sa arhitektom Bendžaminom Henrijem Latroubom) dodao niske kolonade na svakom krilu koje su skrivale štale i skladište.[3]
Godine 1814, tokom Rata 1812, Britanska vojska je zapalila vilu[1] u spaljivanju Vašingtona, uništivši unutrašnjost i spalivši veći deo spoljašnjosti. Rekonstrukcija je počela skoro odmah, a predsednik Džejms Monro uselio se u delimično rekonstruisanu Izvršnu rezidenciju u oktobru 1817. Izgradnja eksterijera je nastavljena dodavanjem polukružnog južnog portika 1824. i severnog portika 1829. godine.
Istorija
urediGradnja rezidencije započeta je 1792. po nalogu Džordža Vašingtona, a arhitekta je bio Džejms Hoben iz Irske. Prva rezidencija završena je 1800. godine, ali su je spalile britanske trupe u Britansko-američkom ratu (1812—1814). Obnova rezidencije, ponovo pod rukovodstvom Džejmsa Hobena, započeta je 1819. godine. Svoj današnji izgled bela kuća dobila je konačno 1934, kada je Frenklin Ruzvelt preneo takozvanu Ovalnu kancelariju, radnu sobu predsednika SAD, na zapadnu stranu. Svoj naziv „Bela kuća“ rezidencija je dobila 1902, po ideji Teodora Ruzvelta, zbog njene bele fasade.[1]
Bela kuća ima 132 sobe, 35 kupatila, 412 vrata, 147 prozora, 8 stepenica, 3 lifta, 1 bazen za plivanje, igralište za tenis i bioskop.
1789–1800
urediNakon svoje inauguracije u aprilu 1789. godine, predsednik Džordž Vašington je koristio dve privatne kuće u Njujorku, koje su služile kao izvršna vila. Do kraja februara 1790. godine živeo je u prvoj, Franklin Hause, u vlasništvu komesara trezora Semjuela Osguda, u ulici Čeri br. 3. do aprila 1790.[4][5] Izvršna vila se preselila u veće odaje u kući Aleksandra Mekomba na Brodveju 39–41,[5] gde je ostao sa suprugom Martom i manjim delom osoblja do avgusta 1790. U maju 1790. počela je izgradnja nove službene rezidencije na Menhetnu pod nazivom Vladina kuća.
Vašington nikada nije živeo u zgradi vlade jer je nacionalna prestonica premeštena u Filadelfiju, a zatim u Vašington, pre njenog završetka.[6][7] Zakon o prebivalištu iz jula 1790. odredio je da glavni grad bude trajno lociran u novom Federalnom okrugu, a privremeno u Filadelfiji na deset godina dok je trajna prestonica izgrađena.[8] Filadelfija je iznajmila vilu Roberta Morisa, trgovca, s adresom 190 Haj strit, sada 524–30 Market strit, kao Predsedničku kuću, u kojoj je Vašington obitavao od novembra 1790. do marta 1797. godine.[9] Pošto je kuća bila premala da primi 30 ljudi koji su tada činili predsedničku porodicu, osoblje i slugu, Vašington ju je povećao.[9]
Predsednik Džon Adams je takođe koristio vilu u Haj stritu u Filadelfiji od marta 1797. do maja 1800. U subotu, 1. novembra 1800. Adams je postao prvi predsednik koji se uselio u Belu kuću.[10] Predsednička kuća u Filadelfiji je pretvorena u hotel Junion i kasnije korišćena za prodavnice pre nego što je srušena 1832. godine.[9]
Filadelfija je 1792. započela izgradnju mnogo veće Predsedničke vile nekoliko blokova dalje. Bila je skoro završena do Adamsove inauguracije 1797. godine. Međutim, Adams je odlučio da je ne koristi, rekavši da nema ovlašćenje Kongresa da zakupi zgradu. Ona je ostala prazna do 1800. godine kada je prodata Univerzitetu Pensilvanije.[11]
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Prva predsednička vila, Samuel Osgudova kuća na Menhetnu, koju je Vašington koristio od aprila 1789. do februara 1790.
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Druga predsednička vila, kuća Aleksandra Mekomba, na Menhetnu, koju je Vašington koristio od februara do avgusta 1790.
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Treća predsednička vila, Predsednička kuća u Filadelfiji, u kojoj je Vašington obitavao od novembra 1790. do marta 1797. Adams je u njoj boravio od marta 1797. do maja 1800.
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Zgrada vlade na Menhetnu, izgrađena 1790–1791, bila je dizajnirana da bude stalna predsednička vila, ali je Kongres premestio nacionalnu prestonicu u Filadelfiju pre njenog završetka.
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[[|President's House (Ninth Street)Председничку кућу]] у Филаделфији (изграђену током 1790-их) није користио ниједан председник након што је председничка вила, позната као Бела кућа, премештена из Филаделфије у нову националну престоницу Vašington
Reference
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- ^ „Inside the White House: History”. WhiteHouse.gov. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 8. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 21. 1. 2017.
- ^ Fazio, Michael W.; Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The Johns Hopkins University Press. str. 364—366.
- ^ Baker, William Spohn (1897). Washington After the Revolution: 1784–1799. str. 118. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2020.
- ^ a b „Presidential Residency in New York”. mountvernon.org. The Fred W. Smith Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon. Pristupljeno 16. 1. 2020.
- ^ The Government House, New York, Currier & Ives, Met Collection, Catalog Entry, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed 21 May 2022. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/388214
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- ^ Miller, John (2003). Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation. Transaction Publishers. str. 251. ISBN 0-7658-0551-0.
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- ^ Westcott, Thompson (1894). The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: With Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants. W. H. Barr. str. 270–272. Pristupljeno 26. 1. 2020.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Službena stranica Bele kuće
- Službena stranica Službe nacionalnih parkova za Predsednički park
- Muzej Bele kuće, detaljna ekskurzija preko Interneta
- Detailed 3D computer model of White House and grounds
- Američka skulptura dvadesetog veka u Beloj kući
- Izveštaj časopisa „Tajm“ o kineskoj replici Bele kuće
- The White House Historical Association, with historical photos, online tours and exhibits, timelines, and facts
- „White House Holiday Tour with Laura Bush”. C-SPAN. 3. 12. 2008.
- „White House Tour”. C-SPAN. 7. 7. 1998.
- „Popular video tours”. C-SPAN. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2015.
- Bela kuća na sajtu Twitter