Чворак

Obični čvorak (Sturnus vulgaris) je ptica pevačica iz porodice čvoraka (Sturnidae). Postojbina mu je Evroazija, a čovek ga je naselio i na druge kontinente.

Obični čvorak
Sturnus vulgaris Oglašavanje čvorka (Francuska)
Status ugroženosti
Najmanje ugrožen  (IUCN 3.1)
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Aves
Red:	Passeriformes
Porodica:	Sturnidae
Rod:	Sturnus
Vrsta:	S. vulgaris
Binomno ime
Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758
Areal običnog čvorka: Područje gde je autohton:   Leti   Cele godine   Zimi Područje gde je uveden:   Leti   Cele godine

Opis

Čvorak je dugačak 19-23 cm, a težak 58-101 g. Crne je boje sa belim tačkama, koje su izraženije zimi. Ima ljubičasti ili zeleni odsjaj. Mužjaci imaju izraženije bele tačke u donjem delu tela. Kljun je tanak i oštar, leti žut, a zimi crn. Noge su mu ružičasto-crvene. Ženka čvorka je svetlo smeđe boje sa belim tačkama na stomaku i gornjem delu krila, neznatno manja od mužjaka.

Rasprostranjenost

Naseljava Evropu, zapadne delove Azije, Indiju i severnu Afriku. Prenet je u Severnu Ameriku, jug Afrike, Australiju i na Novi Zeland. Iz severnih delova Evrope zimi migrira južnije.

Način života

Čvorci formiraju ogromna jata. Hrane se pretežno insektima, tako što ih traže na tlu. Ženka i mužjak leže na 4-5 plavih jaja 13 dana.

Galerija

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  Jato čvoraka
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  Mužjak
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  Ženka

Literatura

• Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998). Starlings and Mynas. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-3961-2.
• Arlott, Norman (2010). Birds of the West Indies. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-727718-6. 
• Artusi, Pellegrino (2003). Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8657-8.  Translated by Murtha Baca and Stephen Sartarelli from Artusi's La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiare bene, first published in 1891.
• Burton, Robert (1985). Bird Behaviour. London: Granada Publishing. ISBN 0-246-12440-7. 
• Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9. 
• Coward, Thomas Alfred (1941). The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (First series) (PDF). London: Frederick Warne. 
• Currie, F A; Elgy, D; Petty, S J. (1977). Starling roost dispersal from woodlands: Forestry Commission Leaflet 69. Edinburgh: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-710218-0. 
• Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007). Australian Pest Animal Strategy – A national strategy for the management of vertebrate pest animals in Australia (PDF). Canberra: Department of the Environment and Water Resources. ISBN 978-0-642-55369-0. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2013-05-14. g. 
• Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998). Starlings and Mynas. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3961-X. 
• Federation of Alberta Naturalists (2007). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta: A Second Look. Edmonton: Federation of Alberta Naturalists. ISBN 978-0-9696134-9-7. 
• Génsbøl, Benny (1984). Birds of Prey of Europe, North Africa and Middle East. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219176-8. 
• Gray, John Edward (1831). Zoological Miscellany. Wurtz: Treuttel. 
• Higgins, P J; Peter, J M; Cowling, S J, ur. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds. Volumes 7: Boatbill to Starlings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553996-6. 
• del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David, ur. (2009). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-50-7. 
• Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names (PDF). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
• Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1970). The Mabinogion. London: J M Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-01097-2. 
• Kilham, Lawrence; Waltermire, Joan (1988). On Watching Birds. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-763-6. 
• Lever, Christopher (2010). Naturalised Birds of the World. London: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-2825-1. 
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. (na jeziku: latinski). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 
• Lockwood, William Burley, ur. (1984). The Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214155-4. 
• Long, John A (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Terrey Hills: A H & A W Reed. ISBN 0-589-50260-3. 
• Lorenz, Konrad Z (1961). King Solomon's Ring. Wilson, Marjorie Kerr (translator). London: Methuen. ISBN 0-416-53860-6. 
• Marjoniemi, Kyösti (2001). Thermogenic mechanisms during the development of endothermy in juvenile birds (PDF). Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium. Oulu: University of Oulu. ISBN 951-42-6542-4. ISSN 1796-220X. 
• Michalowski, Kevin (2011). Gun Digest Book of Sporting Shotguns. Iola: Gun Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-4402-2669-4. 
• Neves, Verónica (2005). Towards a Conservation Strategy of the Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii in the Azores Archipelago (PDF). Glasgow: University of Glasgow. 
• Parkes, John; Weller, Wendy; Reddiex, Ben (2005). Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: The Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2013-05-15. g. 
• Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2009). The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2500-7. 
• Raffaele, Herbert; Wiley, James; Garrido, Orlando; Keith, Allan; Raffaele, Janis (2003). Birds of the West Indies. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-5419-6. 
• Rasmussen, Pamela C; Anderton, John C (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-66-0. 
• Robertson, Hugh; Heather, Barrie (2005). Hand Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-14-028835-X. 
• Rothschild, Miriam; Clay, Theresa (1957). Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites. New York: Macmillan. 
• Sibley, David (2000). The North American Bird Guide. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. ISBN 1-873403-98-4. 
• Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, ur. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1. 
• Sparagano, Olivier A E, ur. (2009). Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-2730-6. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2731-3. 
• Taylor, Marianne; Holden, Peter (2009). RSPB Where to Discover Nature: In Britain and Northern Ireland. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-0864-2. 
• Watling, Dick (2003). A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia. Suva: Environmental Consultants. ISBN 982-9030-04-0. 
• Yeats, William Butler (2000). The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-454-7. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Very noisy Starling flocks in Scotland
• Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
• Feathers of common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. фебруар 2020)
• Kalmbach, E R; Gabrielson, I N (1921) "Economic value of the starling in the United States" USDA Bulletin 868
• „Common starling”. Internet Bird Collection. 
• European starling фото галерија на VIREO (Drexel University)
• (European) Common starling - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
• Species Profile - European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.